| TERM |
DEFINITION |
| Asthma |
An episodic and reversible branchospasm resulting from exaggerated response to stimuli |
| Emphysema |
is a permanent enlargement of the |
| Bronchiectasis |
is a permanent dilation of the |
| Atelectasis |
A collapsed lung due to inadequate expansion of |
| Obstructive lung disease |
Lung capacity and forced vital capacity are near normal but can’t get the air out.
|
| Restrictive lung diseases |
characterized by |
| Asthma |
is trapped distal to bronchi so lungs overinflate |
| Emphysema |
permanent enlargement of the |
| Restrictive diseases |
The FVC is reduced and the FEV1 normal so |
| Chronic restrictive lung disease |
These patients have a proportionally reduced FEV1 / FVC and the ratio is not reduced. |
| Obstructive diseases |
FEV / FVC ratio is reduced |
| Intrinsic asthma |
Charcot-Leydin crystals (eosinophilic proteins) |
| Panacinar (panlobular) emphysema |
a1 – antitrypsin deficiency |
| classic emphysemic |
barrell chested |
| no bronchitis |
when present there is a pink buffer |
| Bronchitis |
when present there is a blue bloater |
| Interstitial lung disease |
is basement membrane |
| Endothelial Damage |
=poor perfusion |
| Alveolar Damage |
=poor ventilation |
| Restrictive lung disease: |
Adult respiratory distress syndrome ARDS: |
| ARDS |
is usually caused by endothelial damage |
| Goodpasture’s syndrome |
: Glomerulonephritis |
| pulmonary emboli |
More than 95% of ____________ arise from |
| Primary pulmonary |
: idiopathic hypertension |
| secondary pulmonary: |
(1) Chronic or interstitial lung disease. |
| Tuberculosis Infection |
means that the person has the TB |
| Tuberculosis Disease |
with TB does equates tissue damage |
| Ghon focus |
As sensitization develops there is a 1.5 cm |
| Ghon complex |
If bacilli spread to nodes –escapes from lung |
| Pott’s disease |
When vertebrae are affected by TB |
| Apical tumors (Pancoast tumors) |
may invade sympathetic plexus > Horner’s syndrome |
| Azotemia |
refers to an elevation of the blood |
| Post renal azotemia |
: is urine flow obstruction, uretur |
| Prerenal azotemia |
: is hypoperfusion. Kidney OK, blood clot outside kidney |
| Acute nephritic syndrome |
is acute onset of visible hematuria, moderate proteinuria, and hypertension. |
| Nephrotic syndrome |
has heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria.nuria, |
| cystitis |
- inflammation of urinary bladder |
| nephritis |
- inflammation of kidney |
| hematuria |
- bloody urine |
| hemoglobinuria |
– hemolytic disease |
| Acute renal failure (ARF) |
presents with oliguria (scant urine) or anuria (no urine) with the recent onset of azotemia. It can result from glomerular injury, interstitial injury, or acute tubular necrosis. |
| endothelial cells |
Fenestrated __________ - capillary walls |
| Glomerular basement membrane GMB |
- lamina rara and densa collagen, anionic proteoglycans, fibronectin |
| Visceral epithelial cells- |
podocytes with pedicels, filtration slits |
| Mesangial cells- |
separate capillaries, phagocytic, contractile |
| hematuria |
- bloody urine |
| hemoglobinuria |
– hemolytic disease |
| glucosuria |
– sugar in urine |
| proteinuria |
–loss of protein in urine(> 3.5 gm/day), (albumin) |
| Hyperlipidemia |
increased VLDL(associated with nephrotic syndrome appears to be a result of decreased plasma oncotic pressure, which stimulates hepatic VLDL synthesis and secretion) |
| nephritic syndrome albumin |
globulin ratio gets reversed (normal: albumin 4.4 gm/dl and globulin 2.5 gm/dl) |
| anasarca |
- Generalized edema |
| ascites |
– abdominal edema |
| Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) |
The histologic picture is the presence of crescentic masses in Bowman’s capsule due parietal cell proliferation |
| Adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD) |
- Defect in a gene producing polycystin |
| Urolithiasis |
is calculus formation at any level in the urinary collection system, but most often calculi arise in the kidney |
| Cystine stones |
can occur in genetically determined renal transport perturbations of certain amino acids and also as happens in uric acid stones, arises in acidic urine |
| hydroureter |
dilated ureter |
| Hydronephrosis |
refers to the dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, with accompanying atrophy of the parenchyma, caused by obstruction to the outflow of urine |
| Renal cell carcinoma |
tumor can invade the renal vein and extend as a solid column even into the right side of the heart. |
| Wilms’ tumor |
Too many cells proliferate in the kidney, increase in size of kidney |
| Herpesvirus infection-HV1 |
-(fever blister, cold sore) - Common and transmitted by kissing |
| Genital herpes HSV -2 |
- Transmitted by sexual contact, Vesicles on genital area |
| Pseudomembrane |
- Candida albicans plaque when immunoprotection is lowered |
| thrush |
- Candida albicans, Adherent white curd-like plaques anywhere in the mouth. |
| Hairy leukoplakia |
is almost exclusively seen in AIDS and is caused by infection with the Epstein- Barr virus. Does not go to carcinoma. Whitish, well-defined, mucosal patch or plaque caused by epidermal thickening or hyperplasia |
| Aphthous ulcers (canker sores) |
. Common, small (< 5 mm), painful, shallow ulcers. They form singly or as a group covered with a gray exudate and rimmed by erythematous tissue. They appear on the soft palate, buccolabial mucosa, floor of the mouth, and lateral sides of the tongue. |
| squamous cell carcinomas |
The overwhelming preponderance of oral cavity cancers are |
| Sjogren’s syndrome |
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Beef Production
