• All living things are composed of cells
• All living things reproduce, grow, and repair themselves
• All living things require energy
• All living things respond to the environment
• All living things have a life span
• All living things produce wastes

Cell Theory:

• All living things are composed of cells
• All cells come from pre-existing cells

Parts of the Microscope:

Stage - Supports the microscope slide. Clips are used to hold the slide in position. A central opening in the stage allows light to pass through the slide.

Diaphragm - Regulates the amount of light reaching the object being viewed.

Objective Lens - Magnify the object. Usually three complex lenses are located on the nosepiece immediately above the object or specimen. The smallest of these, the low power objective lens, has the lowest magnification, usually 10x. The medium-power lens magnifies by 40x, and the long, high power lens by 60x.

Revolving nosepiece - Rotates, allowing the objective lenses to be changed. Each lens clicks into place.

Tube - Contains ocular lens; supports objective lenses.

Ocular lens - Magnifies the object usually by 10x. Also known as the eyepiece, this is the part you look through to view the object.

Coarse-adjustment knob - Moves the tube up or down so you can get the object or specimen into focus. It is used with the low-power objective lens only. Fine-adjustment knob - Moves the tube to get the object or specimen into sharp focus. It is used with medium- and high power magnification. The fine-adjustment knob is used only after the object or specimen has been located and focused under low-power magnification using the coarse adjustment.

Condenser Lens - Directs light to the object or specimen.

Definitions of Cell Parts and Functions & Organelle Parts and Functions:

Cell Membrane - The cell structure in plant and animal cells that covers the entire cell and acts as a gatekeeper, controlling the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Cell Wall - The plant-cell structure that protects and supports the plant cell

Chloroplast - The plant-cell structure containing many molecules of a green pigment called chlorophyll that helps plants to make their own food

Chromosomes - The parts of the cell that contains genetic information

Cytoplasm - The fluid area of the cell in which nutrients are absorbed, transported, and processed, and wastes are stored until proper disposal can be carried out

Endoplasmic Reticulum - A series of canals that carry materials throughout the cytoplasm of the cell

Golgi Apparatus - An organelle in which protein molecules are stored

Lysosome - An organelle that breaks down large molecules within the cytoplasm and destroys damaged or worn-out cells

Mitochondria ( Mitochondrion ) - Cell organelles that provide the cells with energy through a process called respiration

Nucleus - The cell structure in plant and animal cells that acts as the control centre and directs all of the cell’s activities

Organelles - Tiny cells structures within the cytoplasm that are specialized to carry out a function

Ribosome - Protein is made on ribosome.

Diffusion & Osmosis:

Diffusion - The movement of a gas or a dissolved substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. The movement continues until the concentration of gas or dissolved substances are the same in each region.

Osmosis - The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. The movement continues until the concentration of water molecules are the same in each region.

Turgor Pressure : Water pressure in a plant cell that pushes the cytoplasm against the nonliving cell wall, causing the plant cell to stay rigid.

Organ Systems:

Tissue - A group of cells similar in shape and function

Organ - Large Structure composed of several different types of tissues that are specialized to carry out a specific function

Organ Systems - Groups of organs that have related functions

Unicellular Organism: An organism that has only one cell

Multicellular Organism: An organism composed of many cells

Cell Division:

• The division of one living cell into two
• Involves division of the cytoplasm and reorganization of the nucleus
• Contributes to growth, healing and replacement of old cells in tissue
• Cell divides once it has doubled in mass

Is Smaller Better?

- The smaller the cell the less distance the message has to trvel to reach the nucleus and back

- The smaller the cell the more surface area (membrane) compared to the volume of the cell; therefore more efficient in taking in nutrients and elimination wastes

Some Big, Some Small

- Cells come in different sizes

- Active cells need more nutrients and produce more waste eg. Muscle cells

- Smaller cells are more efficient, therefore, active cells tend to be smaller cells

Cell Specialization:

Single cell oraganisms are not specialists. Multicellular organisms benefit from specialization. Our cells come in different sizes and shapes and carry out special functions.

Specialized Plant Cells

- plants are not all alike - plants have different parts

Example:

-Some plants have cell walls that are thicker or have a second wall inside the first

- These cells provide extra structure and may be stem cells

Specialized Animals Cells:

- The characteristics of the cell provides a clue to its function

Example:

- The cells in the lungs sweep away particles with their cilia ( hair like structures)

- Stomach cells are protected by layers of mucus ( sticky, thick, spit)

- Small intestine cells absorb nutrients and have projections for increased surface area