Anatomy LE and Neck

Description:	muscles of the lower extremity and neck
Category:	Occupational Therapy
Created by:	jenumber5 on 2009-10-28

Question	Answer
Origin of Psoas Major	bodies of lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes, and IV disks of T12-L5
Insertion of Psoas Major	lesser trochanter of femur
Action of Psoas Major	flexion at hip (with iliacus, flexes trunk to sitting from supine), weak lateral rotator at hip
Innervation of Psoas Major	L2-3
Origin of Iliacus	upper 2/3 of iliac fossa, ala of ilium, AIIS
Insertion of Iliacus	lesser trochanter of femur
Action of Iliacus	flexion at hip (with Psoas Major flexes trunk to sitting from supine), weak lateral rotator at hip
Innervation of Iliacus	femoral nerve
Origin of Sartorius	ASIS
Insertion of Sartorius	upper medial tibial shaft
Action of Sartorius	sygergist to: abduction, flexion, and lateral rotation at hip; flexion and medial rotation at knee (sitting cross legged)
Innervation of Sartorius	femoral nerve
Insertion of Quadriceps Femoris Group	patella via patellar tendon, then the tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action of Quadricepts Femoris Group	extention at knee (rectus femoris also assists in flexion at hip)
Innervation of Quadriceps Femoris Group	femoral nerve
Origin of Rectus Femoris	long head: AIIS; short head: ilium above acetabulum
Origin of Vastus Medialis	medial lip of linea aspera, medial intermuscular septum of adductors magnus and longus, intertrochanteric line
Origina of Vastus Lateralis	lateral lip of linea aspera, intertrochanteric line, inferior border of greater trochanter, gluteal tuberosity
Origin of Vastus Intermedius	linea aspera, lateral intermuscular septum, anterior and lateral 2/3 of femoral shaft
Origin of Pectineus	pectineal line of pubic
Insertion of Pectineus	pectineal line of femur
Action of Pectineus	flexion and adduction at hip
Innervation of Pectineus	femoral (and sometimes obturator) nerves
Origin of Gracilis	inferior pubic ramus
Insertion of Gracilis	upper medial tibial shaft
Action of Gracilis	adduction at hip; synergist to medial rotation and flexion at knee
Innervation of Gracilis	obturator nerve
Action of Adductor Group	adduction at hip (brevis and longus also assit in flexion and medial rotation at hip)
Innervation of Adductor Group	obturator nerve
Origin of Adductor Brevis	outer surface of inferior pubic ramus
Insertion of Adductor Brevis	posterior femoral shaft below lesser trochanter, proximal part of linea aspera
Origin of Adductor Longus	anterior body of pubis
Insertion of Adductor Longus	medial lip of linea aspera, middle posterior femoral shaft
Origin of Adductor Magnus	inferior pubic ramus, lower part of ishial tuberosity
Insertion of Adductor Magnus	linea aspera, adductor tubercle of femur
Origin of Tensor Fascia Latae	outer edge of iliac crest (ASIS to iliac tubercle)
Insertion of Tensor Fascia Latae	iliotibial tract
Action of Tensor Fascia Latae	tightens and stabilizes iliotibial tract; tenses the fascia latae which compacts all muscles of thigh, increasing muscle stregth and tension which is vital for standing
Innervation of Tensor Fascia Latae	superior gluteal nerve
Origin of Hamstring Group	ischial tuberosity (except short head of biceps femoris is linea aspera and lateral intermuscular septum)
Action of Hamstring Group	flexion at knee (semis and long head of biceps are also synergists to extention at hip and medial rotation at knee)
Innervation of Hamstring Group	tibial nerve (except short head of biceps is common peroneal nerve)
Insertion of Semitendinosis	upper medial tibial shaft
Insertion of Semimembranosis	posterior of medial condyle of tibia
Insertion of Biceps Femoris	lateral fibular head, lateral condyle of tibia
Origin of Piriformis	internal surface of sacrum
Insertion of Piriformis	superior border of greater trochanter
Action of Piriformis	primary lateral rotator at hip, keeps hip in alignment with pelvis; sygergist to abduction at hip
Innervation of Piriformis	anterior rami of S1-2
Origin of Quadratus Femoris	lateral border of ishial tuberosity
Insertion of Quadratus Femoris	inferior to intertrochanteric crest
Action of Quadratus Femoris	synergist to lateral rotation at hip
Innervation of Quadratus Femoris	L5-S1
Origin of Gluteus Maximus	thoracolumbar fascia, ilium, sacrum, coccyx
Insertion of Gluteus Maximus	iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity of femur
Action of Gluteus Maximus	primary extender at hip; synergist to abduction, adduction, and lateral rotation at hip
Innervation of Gluteus Maximus	inferior gluteal nerve
Origin of Gluteus Medius	outer surface of ilium inferior to iliac crest
Insertion of Gluteus Medius	lateral surface of greater trochanter
Action of Gluteus Medius	primary abductor at hip; syngergist to medial rotation at hip (also helps keep pelvis in alignment--passive action more important than primary action)
Innervation of Gluteus Medius	superior gluteal nerve
Origin of Gluteus Minimus	outer surface of ilium between middle and inferior gluteal lines
Insertion of Gluteus Minimus	anterior surface of greater trochanter
Action of Gluteus Minimus	synergist to abduction and medial rotation at hip (also helps keep pelvis in alignment--passive action more important than primary action)
Innervation of Gluteus Minimus	superior gluteal nerve
lateral border of femoral triangle	sartorius muscle
supeior border of femoral triangle	inguinal ligament
medial border of femoral triangle	adductor longus muscle
surrounds the femoral triangle	fascia latea
inside femoral triangle	femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, and femoral canal (full of fat and lympth nodes)
purpose of fat in femoral canal	allows "give" so taht vessels can expand and not cause damage
femoral vein can be used for bypass surgery	remove part of femoral vein and insert it in affected area to form a bridge around the blockage
significance of femoral artery and vein in femoral triangle	angioplasty and angiography (artery and vein are clinically significant to get to the left and right sides of the heart via tubes inserted into the femoral triangle) to remove blockages or to see what the problem is
herniated disk can damage which muscle of the LE?	psoas major can be damaged by a herniated disk
problems associated with inguinal canal in males and females	males: inguinal hernia; females: femoral hernia
inguinal ligament	boundary for pelvis and thigh (above is pelvis, below is part of the LE)
sacrotuberous ligament	makes the greater sciatic notch the sciatic foramen (closes it off)
Iliohypogastric/Ilioinguinal Nerve Block	anesthesia injected between ASIS and iliac crest, 4-6 cm posterior to ASIS along lateral aspect of external lip of crest (peirces transversus abdominus muscle), good for appendicitis surgery
Transsacral Epidural	injection through sacral hiatus or in sacral foramina through center of sacro iliac joints (between dimples on back), blocks upper sacral and lower lumbar nerves, good for vaginal births
Lumbar Puncture	inject anesthetic into space between 2 apexes of iliac crests, good for spinal tap (draw out CSF) and lumbar epidural (for c-sections), deadens all lumbar and some lower thoracic nerves
Intragluteal Injections to block sciatic nerve	a few cm inferior to midpoint of line joining the PSIS and the superior border of greater trochanter on same side
General Intragluteal Injections	rest hand on region of greater trochanter so index finger is on ASIS and 3rd digit spreads posteriorly along iliac crest near apex, inject into the glut. med./TFL in the triangle formed with fingers without endangering the sciatic nerve
Superior Gluteal Nerve Damage	(caused by gunshot wound to buttocks) affects gluteus med and min and TFL, results in weakened abduction and medial rotation at thigh, pelvis is out of alignment, "waddling gait", will lean toward weakened side
Sciatic Nerve Damage	(caused by gunshot wound to medial glut. max. near intergluteal line or hypertrophy of piriformis) affects dorsiflexors, plantarflexors, everters, and inverters at ankle, extensors and flexors of toes, and hamstring group; results in no flexion at knee
Biceps Femoris Injury	(nerve damage in posterior thigh or buttocks) can affect only tibial or only common peroneal depending on which head is injured, affects biceps and distal muscles innervated by that nerve, may result in impaired knee flexion
Injury to Tibial Nerve in Popliteal Fossa	(caused by posterior dislocation of knee joint, tibia moves posteriorly, PCL rupture--knee flexed, hit on tibial tuberosity) affects plantarflexors, inverters, and toe flexors,
Common Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve Injury	(caused by fracture of fibular neck or knee joint dislocation/swelling) affects everters, dorsiflexors, and toe extensors; results in "drop foot"--foot is plantarflexed and inverted and toes are flexed, no heel strike, toes drag or hear "clop"
Deep Fibular/Peroneal Entrapment	(caused by compression of inferior extensor retinaculum when wearing tight shoes) causes pain and temporary paralysis of muscles in dorsum of foot
ACL Rupture	(caused during a sudden twisting motion when feet stay planted but knees move in opposite direction) tibia moves anteriorly
PCL Rupture	(caused when knee flexed and hit on tibial tuberosity) tibia moved posteriorly
Medial (and Lateral) Collateral Ligament Rupture	(caused by a blow to outer knee, may occur in conjunction with PCL rupture)
Femoral Nerve Damage	affects flexors at hip (iliopsoas, pectineus, sartorius) and extensors at knee (vastus medialis, lateralis, intermedius, and rectus femoris) and skin of anterior and lateral thigh and medial leg and foot; no bending at wasit and no extension at knee
Obturator Nerve Damage	affects thigh adductors, skin of superior medial thigh; no adduction at hip, difficulty with laterally rotating at hip
Origin of Gastrocnemius	lateral and medial condyles of femur (or lateral condyle of femur and popliteal surface of femur above medial condyle)
Insertion of Gastrocnemius	tendocancaneous
Action of Gastrocnemius	plantarflexion (the power behind it), synergist to knee flexion
Innervation of Gastrocnemius	tibial nerve
Origin of Soleus	soleal line on tibia (or posterior tibial shaft and upper 1/3 of posterioir fibular shaft)
Insertion of Soleus	tendocalcaneus
Action of Soleus	plantarflexion (the endurance behind it) (primary planarflexor)
Innervation of Soleus	tibial nerve
Origin of Popliteus	lateral condyle of femur
Insertion of Popliteus	medial condyle of tibia
Action of Popliteus	very slight medial rotator at knee, synergist to knee flexion (allows for "locking" of knee)
Innervation of Popliteus	tibial nerve
Origin of Flexor Hallicis Longus	lower 2/3 of posterior fibular shaft, interosseous membrane
Insertion of Flexor Hallicis Longus	plantar surface of base of distal phalanx of great toe
Action of Flexor Hallicis Longus	flexion of distal phalanx of great toe, synergist to plantarflexion and inversion
Innervation of Flexor Hallicis Longus	tibial nerve
Origin of Flexor Digitorum Longus	medial posterior tibial shaft
Insertion of Flexor Digitorum Longus	plantar surface of bases of distal phelanges of toes 2-5
Action of Flexor Digitorum Longus	flexes distal phelanges of toes 2-5, synergist to plantarflexion and inversion
Innervation of Flexor Digitorum Longus	tibial nerve
Origin of Tibialis Posterior	lateral posterior tibial shaft, upper 1/2 of posterior fibular shaft, interosseous membrane
Insertion of Tibialis Posterior	all tarsals except talus, bases of metatarsals 2-4
Action of Tibialis Posterior	synergist to plantarflexion and inversion
Innervation of Tibialis Posterior	tibial nerve
Origin of Peroneous Longus	fibular head, upper 2/3 of lateral fibular shaft
Insertion of Peroneous Longus	dives under foot to plantar side and inserts on lateral side of medial cuneiform and lateral side of base of 1st metatarsal
Action of Peroneous Longus	primary everter, synergist to plantarflexion
Innervation of Peroneous Longus and Peroneous Brevis	superficial peroneal nerve
Origin of Peroneous Brevis	lower 2/3 of lateral fibular shaft
Insertion of Peroneous Brevis	lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal
Action of Peroneous Brevis	synergist to eversion, weak synergist to plantarflexion
Origin of Tibialis Anterior	lateral condyle of tibia, upper 1/2 of lateral tibial shaft, interosseous membrane
Insertion of Tibialis Anterior	medial side of medial cuneiform, medial side of base of 1st metatarsal
Action of Tibialis Anterior	inversion and dorsiflexion (direct antagonist to peroneous longus)
Innervation of Tibialis Anterior	deep peroneal nerve
Origin of Extensor Digitorum Longus	lateral condyle of tibia, upper 2/3 of anterior fibular shaft, interosseous membrane
Insertion of Extensor Digitorum Longus	dorsal surface of toes 2-5, bases of middle and distal phelanges of toes 2-5
Action of Extensor Digitorum Longus	extension of toes 2-5, synergist to dorsiflexion and eversion
Innervation of Extensor Digitorum Longus	deep peroneal nerve
Origin of Extensor Hallicis Longus	middle 1/2 of anterior fibular shaft, interosseous membrane
Insertion of Extensor Hallicis Longus	base of distal phalanx of great toe
Action of Extensor Hallicis Longus	extends distal phalanx of great toe, synergist to dorsiflexion and inversion
Innervation of Extensor Hallicis Longus	deep peroneal nerve
Origin of Flexor Digitorum Brevis	tuberosity of calcaneous, plantar aponeurosis
Insertion of Flexor Digitorum Brevis	sides of middle phelanges of toes 2-5
Action of Flexor Digitorum Brevis	synergist to flexor digitorum longus (synergist to flexion of proximal phelanges of toes 2-5, synergist to extension of distal phelanges of toes 2-5)
Innervation of Flexor Digitorum Brevis	medial plantar nerve (branch of tibial)
Origin of Flexor Hallicis Brevis	lateral cuneiform, cuboid
Insertion of Flexor Hallicis Brevis	plantar surface of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
Action of Flexor Hallicis Brevis	synergist to flexion of great toe
Innervation of Flexor Hallicis Brevis	medial plantar nerve (branch of tibial)
Origin of Abductor Hallicis	tuberosity of calcaneous, flexor retinaculum, and plantar aponeurosis
Insertion of Abductor Hallicis	medial side of proximal phalanx of great toe
Action of Abductor Hallicis	abduction of great toe
Innervation of Abductor Hallicis	medial plantar nerve (branch of tibial)
Origin of Adductor Hallicis	oblique head: metatarsals 2-4, peroneous longus tendon; transverse head: MP and transverse ligaments of toes 3-5
Insertion of Adductor Hallicis	lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
Action of Adductor Hallicis	adducts great toe (stabilizes with abductor hallicis)
Innervation of Adductor Hallicis	latearl plantar nerve (branch of tibial)
Origin of Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis	base of 5th metatarsal, peroneous longus tendon
Insertion of Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis	plantar surface of base of proximal phalanx of 5th toe
Action of Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis	flexion of proximal phalanx of 5th toe
Innervation of Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis	lateral plantar nerve (branch of tibial)
Origin of Abductor Digiti Minimi	tuberosity of calcaneous, plantar aponeurosis
Insertion of Abductor Digiti Minimi	lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th toe
Action of Abductor Digiti Minimi	abduction of 5th toe
Origin of Quadratus Plantae	medial surface of calcaneous, lateral surface of inferior calcaneous
Insertion of Quadratus Plantae	lateral margin of flexor digitorum longus tendon
Action of Quadratus Plantae	synergist to flexor digitorum longus, reinforces action of flexor digitorum longus
Innervation of Quadratus Plantae	lateral plantar nerve (branch of tibial)
Innervation of Abductor Digiti Minimi	lateral plantar nerve (branch of tibial)
Action of Platysma	depresses lower jaw, lip, and angle of mouth; wrinkles skin of neck
Innervation of Platysma	facial nerve
Action of Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)	single: turns face toward opposite side; together: flexes head on neck
Innervation of Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)	spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve 11, like trapezius)
Action of Digastric	elevates hyoid bone and tongue, depresses the mandible
Innervation of Digastric	posterior belly: facial nerve; anterior belly: trigeminal nerve
Action of Mylohyoid	elevates hyoid bone and tongue, depresses the mandible
Innervation of Mylohyoid	trigeminal nerve (mylohyoid branch)
Action of Sternohyoid	depresses hyoid and pharanx
Innervation of Sternohyoid	ansa cervicalis
Action of Sternothyroid	depersses thyroid cartilage and laranx
Innervation of Sternothyroid	ansa cervicalis
Action of Thyrohyoid	depresses and retracts hyoid and laranx
Innervation of Thyrohyoid	C1 via hypoglossal nerve
Action of Omohyoid	depresses and retracts hyoid and larynx
Innervation of Omohyoid	ansa cervicalis
Action of Scalene Muscles	elevate first rib, flex neck
Innervation of Scalene Muscles	lower cervical nerves (C5-8)