| Flap 1 | Flap 2 |
| Sound travels in waves that consists of alternating ______ and ______ | condensation and rarefactions |
| ______ determines pitch | frequency |
| _____ determines perceived loudness | amplitude |
| after entering the ear canal, sound will be transmitted via | vibration of the tympanic membrane on the ossicles which in turn vibrate against the oval window |
| the ossicles of the ear | malleus, incus, stapes |
| the middle ear is filled with _____ | air |
| the inner ear is filled with _____ | fluid (perilymph and endolymph) |
| perilymph is found in the ______ and ______ | scala vestibuli and scala tympani |
| endolymph is found in the _____ | scala media |
| hair cells are the receptor cells of the ______ which is found in the _____ | organi of corti; scala media |
| three compartments of the cochlea | scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani |
| pressure waves caused by vibration of the ossicles against the oval window cause ossilation of the ____________ | basilar membrane of the scala media |
| the basilar membrane of the organ of corti consists of _____ rows of hair cells, ____ outer and ___ inner | 4; 3 outer(important for sound amplification); 1 inner (important for sound detection) |
| the apical surface of each hair cell contains a bundle of _________ | stereocilia |
| basilar membrane movements cause ________ | the sterocilia to bend |
| the longest sterocilium is called the ________ | kinocilium |
| if the vibrations of the basilar membrane cause a hair cell's sterocilia to bend towards teh kinocilium it will release ______ neurotransmitter | more |
| if the vibrations of the basilar membrane cause a hair cell's sterocilia to bend away from the kinocilium it will release ______ neurotransmitter | less |
| the potassium channels on the hair cells are ______ | mechanically gated |
| the hair cells at the base of the basilar membrane are ___ and ____ most sensitive to _____ frequencies | short and stiff; high |
| the hair cells at the apex of the basilar membrane are ____ and ____ and are most sensitive to _____ frequencies | long and flexible; low |
| the afferents that come from the hair cells synapse upon the ______ ganglion | spiral |
| spiral ganglion axons project to the ____ nucleus | cochlear (has a tonotopic arrangement) |
| 3 options for asceding connections from the cochlear nuclei | dorsal acoustaic stria, intermediate acoustic stria, trapezoid body |
| pathway by which superior olives get bilateral info | trapezoid body |
| first place in the brain where bilateral auditory information is received | superior olive |
| after the superior olive the trapezoid body tract joins with the dorsal and intermediate stria to form the ________ which then travels to the ________ | lateral lamniscus; inferior colliculus |
| the axons that originate in the inferior colliculus synapse in the ______ | medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus |
| the axons of the mgn of the thalamus ascend to the ____ | primary auditory cortex |
| A1 has a ____ map | tonotopic |
| 2 ways brain localizes sound | 1. interaural time differences; 2. interaural intensity differences |
| connection between ears and back of the throat | eustachian tube |
| a person with ______ will be able to hear a tuning fork if you press it against the temporal bone behind the ear | conduction deafness (problem with ossicles of the middle ear) |
| a person with ______ deafness has damage to the cochlea (inner ear) | sensorineural |
| how a cochlear implant works | by stimulating the VIII nerve directly, bypassing the structures in the inner ear |
