AP 1-4 Cum Vocab

Description:	AP Human Geography Chapters 1-4 Cumulative Vocab
Category:	AP Human Geography
Created by:	Beth Reindl on 2009-10-18

Question	Answer
Fieldwork	the study of geographic phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places
Human Geography	one of the two major divisions of geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes
Globalization	the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact. The processes of this transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary across places and scales
Physical Geography	one of the two major divisions of systematic geography; the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of the Earth's natural phemenona such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography
Spatial	pertaining to space on the Earth's surface, sometimes used as a synonym for geographic
Spatial Distribution	physical location of geographic phenomena across space
Pattern	the design of a spatial distribution
Medical Geography	the study of health and disease within a geographic context and drom a geographical perspective. Among other things, medical geography looks at sources, diffusion routes, and distribution of diseases
Pandemic	an outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide
Epidemic	regional outbreak of a disease
Spatial Perspective	observing variations in geographic phemonena across space
Five Themes	location, human-environment, region, place, and movement
Location	the first theme of geography; the geographical situation of places and things
Location Theory	a logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated.
Human-environment	the second theme of geography; reciprocal relationship between humans of environment
Region	the third theme of geography; an area on the Earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon
Place	the fourth theme of geography; uniqueness of a location
Sense of Place	state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occured in that place or by labeling a place with certain character
Perception of Place	belief or "understanding" about a place developed through books, movies, stories or pictures
Movement	the fifth theme of geography; the mobility of people, goods and ideas across the surface of the planet

Distance	measurment of the physical space between two planes
Accessibility	the degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certain location from other locations. This varies from place to place and can be measured
Connectivity	the degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network
Landscape	the overall appearance of an area. Most are comprised of a combination of natural and human-induced influences
Cultural Landscape	the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. The layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequentially imprinted on the landscape by the activities of varuious human occupants
Sequent Occupance	the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
Cartography	the art and science of making maps, including data compilation, layout, and design. Also concerned with the interpretation of mapped patterns
Reference Maps	maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude
Thematic Maps	maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phemenon
Absolute Location	the position or place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude
Global Positioning System (GPS)	satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features
Geocaching	a hunt for a cache, the GPS coordinates which are placed on the internet by other geogcachers
Relative Location	the region position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. Distance, accessability, and connectivity affect relative location
Mental Map	image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual's perception, impression, and knowledge of that space
Activity Space
Generalized Map
Remote Sensing
Geographic Information Systems
Rescale
Formal Region
Functional Region
Perceptual Region
Culture
Culture Trait
Culture Complex
Cultural Hearth
Independent Invention
Cultural Diffusion
Time-distance Decay
Cultural Barrier
Expansion Diffusion
Contagious Diffusion
Heirarchial Diffusion
Stimulus Diffusion
Relocation Diffusion
Geographic Concept
Environmental Determinism
Isotherm
Possibilism
Cultural Ecology
Political Ecology
Population Density
Arithmetic Population Density
Physiological Population Density
Population Distribution
Dot Map
Megalopolis
Census
Doubling Time
Population Explosion
Natural Increase
Crude Birth Rate
Crude Death Rate
Demographic Transition
Stationary Population Level
Population Composition
Population Pyramids
Infant Mortality Rate
Child Mortality Rate
Life Expectancy
AIDS
Chronic Diseases
Expansive Population Policies
Eugenic Population Policies
Restrictive Population Policies
Intraregional Migration	migration within a country
International Refugees	refugees who have crossed one or more international boundaries during their dislocation, searching for asylum in a different country
Intervening Opportunity	the presence of nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractivness of sites farther away
International Migration	human movement involving movement across international borders
Immigration Laws	laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state
Brain Drain	a large emigration of individuals with technical skills or knowledge
Space-time Prism	the amount of space you can cover in x amount of time, based on transportation
Counter-urbanization	people moving from urban to rural areas
Activity Spaces	the space within which daily activity occurs
Cyclic Movements	movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally
Asylum	shelter and protection in one stage for refugees from another state
Chain Migration	pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links
Colonization	physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land
Distance Decay	the effect of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less the interaction
Explorers	a person examining a region that is unknown to them
Forced Migration	human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate
Gravity Model	a mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the general interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them
Guest Workers	legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term
Immigration Wave	phemenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration from one origin to the same destination
Internal Migration	human movement within a nation-state, such as ongoing westwars & southward movements in the US
Internal Refugees	people who have been displaces within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee
Kinship links	types of push factors or pull factors that influence a migrants decision to go where family or friends have already found success
Laws of Migration	developed by British demographer Ernst Ravenstetin, five laws that predict the flow of immigrants
Migrant Labor	a common type of periodic movement involving millions of workers in the US and tens of millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants, in many instances
Migration	a change in residence intended to be permenant
Military Service	another common form of periodic movement involving as many as ten million US citizens in a given year, including military personnel and their families, who are moved to new locations where they will spend tours of duty lasting up to several years
Nomadism	movement among a definite set of places- often cyclic movement
Periodic Movements	movement that involves temporary, recurrent relocation
Pull Factors	positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas
Push Factors	negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale
Selective Immigration	process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backrounds are barred from immigrating
Step Migration	migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages
Transhumance	a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures
Voluntary Migration	movement in which people relocate in response to percieved opprtunity, not because they are forced to move
Rust Belt	"manufacturing belt" Northeast US, mid-atlantic, & portions of upper midwest. Economy was defined by steel industry or other heavy manufacturing
Remittances	money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries
Refugees	people who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country
Quotas	established limits by governments on the number of immirants who can enter a country each year
Islands of Development	place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relativley high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure
Migration Selectivity	basically when a country decides who they want to let immigrate in, and who they block from entering
Glocalization	the process by which people in a local place meditate and alter regional, national, and global processes
Global-local Continuum	the notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at a local scale and vica versa. This idea posits that the world is comprised of an interconnected series of relationships that extend across space
Folk-housing Regions	a region in which the housing stock predominatly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area
Ethnic Neighborhood	neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolis city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs
Distance Decay	the effects of distance on interaction generally the greater the distance the less the interaction
Diffusion Routes	the spatial trajectory through which cultural traits or other phenomena spread
Custom	practice routinely followed by a group of people
Culture	the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society. This is anthropologist Ralph Linton's definition; hundreds of other definitions exist
Commodification	the process through which something is given monetary value. It occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy
Authenticity	in the context of local cultures or customs, the accuracy with which a single sterertypical or typeast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs
Cultural Appropriation	the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit
Assimilation	the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech peculiarities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture. Often used to describe immigrant adaptation to new places of residence
Hearth	the area where an idea or cultural trait originates
Heirarchial Diffusion	a form of diffusion in which am idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples
Nonmaterial Culture	the beliefs, practices, aesthics, and values of a group of people
Material Culture	the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people
Local Culture	group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community who share experiences, customs, and traits, who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others
Folk Culture	cultural traits such as fress modes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities
Popular Culture	cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced western societies
Time-space Compression	a term associated with the work of David Harvey that refers to the social and psychological effects on living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity
Neolocalism	the seeking out of the regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world
Placelessness	defined by geographer Edward Relph as the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next
Reterritorilization	with respet to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own
Cultural Landscape	the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. The layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequentially imprinted on the landscape by the activities of various human occupants
Deep Reconstruction	technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceed the extinct language
Culture	the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior and patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society
Creole language	a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue
Conquest theory	one major theory of how proto-indo-european diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of proto-indo-european spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants, beginning the diffusion and differentiation of indo-euro tongues
Backward reconstruction	the tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language
Subfamilies	divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent
Renfew hypothesis	Written by Cain Renfrew;3 areas in and near the 1st agricultural hearth(fertile crescent)gave rise to three long families: Europe's Indo-Euro languages;North African and Arabian languages;the languages in present-day Iran, Afganistan, Pakistan, & India
Proto-Indo-European	linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-Euro lang. that is the hearth of the ancient Latin,Greek,&Sanskrit lang. which hearth would link modern language from Scandinavia to N. Africa&from N. America through part of Asia to Aust.
Place	uniqueness of a location
Slavic language	lnaguages that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago
Romance language	languages that lie in areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed
Sound Shift	slight change in a word across languages within a sub-family or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin
Toponym	place name
Language families	group of languages with a shared but fairly distinct origin
Dialects	variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines. Differences in vocabulary, syntax(the way words are put together to form phrases), pronunciation, cadence, & pace of speech all mark a speaker's dialect
Isogloss	a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs through such a boundary; is rarely a simply line
Standard language	a langauge that is published, widely distributed, & purposefully thought
Language	a set of sounds, combination of sounds, & symbols that are used for communication
Official language	in multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated & politically powerdul elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of courts & government
Nostratic	language believed to be the ancestral language not only of Proto-Indo-Euro, but also of the Kartrelian language fo the southern Caucasus region, the Uralic-Altaic language, the Pravadian language of India, & the Afro-Asiatic language family
Mutual Intelligibility	the ability of two people to understand each other when speaking
Multilingual State	countries in which more than one language is spoken
Monolingual State	countries in which one language only is spoken
Pidgin language	when parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary
Lingua franca	a term deriving from"frankish language" &applying to a tongue spoken in ancient medit. ports that consisted of a mixture of Italian,French,Greek,Span.,&even some Arabic.Today it refers to a"common language" purpose of trade & commerce
Language divergence	process suggested by Schleicher where by new languages are formed when a lang. breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial inter. among speakers of the lang.&continued isolation eventually causes the division of the lang. into discrete new languages
Language convergence	the collapsing of 2 languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages; the opposite of language divergence
Global language	the language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of either the number of speakers of the language or prevalence of use in commerce & trade
Germanic language	languages that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the West and South
Extinct language	language without any native speakers
Dispersal hypothesis	hypothesis which holds that the Indo-Euro languages that arose from Prot-Indo-Euro were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian sea, & then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains & onto the Balkans
Dialect chains	a set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closley related