midterm review

Description:	midterm review
Category:	Unfinished
Created by:	pelingmodernworld on 2009-10-13

Question	Answer
A religion founded in India and based on Siddhartha Gautama’s teachings	Buddhism
In Hindu society, a fixed social grouping based on class, occupation, and tradition	Caste system
The major principles of Buddhism, which recognize the inevitability of suffering and encourage individuals to achieve a state of “not wanting” and practice moderation in order to reach enlightenment	Four Noble Truths
There is one God Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet; pray five times a day facing Mecca; give to the poor; fasting during Holy Month of Ramadan; and pilgrimage to Mecca	Five Pillars of Islam
The faith of most of India’s people, characterized by the goal of returning to Brahman through reincarnation	Hinduism
The monotheistic religion founded in Arabia by Mohammed during the seventh century A.D.	Islam



Founder of Islam	Muhammad
The belief in one God	Monotheism
The belief in many gods	Polytheism
Baptism, First Communion, Reconciliation, Confirmation, Holy Orders, Marriage, Last Rites/Anointing of the sick	Seven Sacraments

According to Hebrew belief, the laws given to Moses by God	Ten Commandments
In Hinduism, the accumulated good and bad acts of all of one’s previous lives	Karma
The rights and duties of members of various classes in Indian society	Dharma



The holy book of Christianity	Bible
The holy book of Islam	Qu’ran/Koran

The Buddhist term for a state of enlightenment	Nirvana


An economic policy that stressed the accumulation of gold and silver, the founding of colonies and regulation of their trade, and profiting from foreign trade	Mercantilism
The route taken by slave ships that carried enslaved Africans to the Americas; part of the triangular route linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas	Middle Passage
Ships sailed from Europe filled with cloth, firearms, and hardware to Africa. From Africa they sailed to the Americas with slaves, lastly ships sailed from the Americas back to Europe with lumber, rice, tobacco, and indigo	Triangular trade
The major motives for European exploration in the Western Hemisphere	Gold, God, and Glory

The transfer of plants, animals and diseases that occurred during the European colonization of the Americas	Columbian Exchange
A tax on an imported good	Tariff
A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it	Encomienda
A land controlled by a more powerful nation for economic and/or political gain	Colony
Chinese Muslim admiral who led seven Chinese voyages for exploration	Zheng He


When Yonglo moved the Chinese capital to Beijing, he ordered the building of a great palace complex to symbolize his power and might.	The Forbidden City


A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai.	Daimyo
A dynasty of shoguns that ruled a unified Japan from 1603-1867.	Tokugawa Shogunate
Europeans began coming to Japan in the 16th century, during the Warring States period. Despite the severe disorder in the country, the Japanese welcomed traders and missionaries, from Portugal, and later, other European countries.	Contact between Europe & Japan
These newcomers introduced fascinating new technologies and ideas. Within a century, however, the aggressive Europeans had worn out their welcome.	Contact between Europe & Japan


A king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all	Absolute Monarchy


The idea that monarchs are God’s representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God	Divine Right
One of the 18th century monarch who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects	Enlightened despot
A system of governing in which the ruler’s power in limited by law	Constitutional Monarchy


French absolute monarch who was called the “Sun King”	Louis XIV
Also called the Age of reason; the period of Western history (in the 1700s) when thinkers called for the use of reason in analyzing and improving society	Enlightenment

Italian scientist and mathematician who supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory. He created a telescope to observe outer space and was forced to deny his findings because they went against the teachings of the church	Galileo Galilee
The belief that the earth is at the center of the universe	Geocentric theory
The belief that the sun is at the center of the universe	Heliocentric theory
He felt that conflict is a part of human nature. Without governments to keep order, he said there would be a “war of everyone against everyone”.	Hobbes
He felt that life was “nasty, brutish, and short” and that people were naturally selfish and violent.	Hobbes
English mathematician and scientist who showed that all objects in the universe obey the same laws of motion	Isaac Newton
German astronomer who proved mathematically that the planets revolve around the sun	Johannes Kepler
English political philosopher, who felt that the purpose of government is to protect people’s rights to life, liberty, and property. If the government fails them, the people have the right to overthrow it.	John Locke
French ruler who was called the “Sun King”	Louis XIV
French philosopher and author of The Spirit of Laws, lasting contribution is the separation of power in government	Montesquieu
Rights that Enlightenment thinkers believed all human beings are entitled to	Natural Rights






The great change in ways of thinking about the physical world that came about in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the foundations of modern science were laid with the development of new theories	Scientific Revolution
The division of a government into several branches, each having its own powers	Separation of powers
A term created by Thomas Hobbes to describe an agreement where people give up their individual rights in exchange for the law and order provided by government	Social contract


French philosopher and writer…he fought for tolerance, reason, and limited government. He championed free speech and is remembered for the famous line, “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”	Voltaire


The sudden overthrow of a government	Coup d’etat
A document issued by the National Assembly during the French Revolution	Declaration of the Rights of Man

Under the Old Regime in France, the social class made up of the clergy	First Estate
The rebellion of the French people, beginning in 1789, against the monarchy and the class structure of the Old Regime	French Revolution
French king whose demand for higher taxes touched off the French Revolution	Louis XVI
French queen, wife of Louis XVI	Marie Antoinette
Also a member of the Jacobins. He was the leading member of the Committee of Public Safety…he hated the Old Regime and wanted to create a new and better society.	Maximilien Robespierre
Ruthless in his pursuit of overthrowing the Old Regime, he became a tyrant. He began the Reign of Terror.	Maximilien Robespierre
French general who overthrew the Directory in 1799 and declared himself emperor in 1804; exiled to St. Helena in 1815	Napoleon
The code of laws commissioned by Napoleon in 1800, which stated that all men should be treated as equals	Napoleonic Code
The French political and social system in the years before 1798	Old Regime
A period (1793-1794) when brutal measures were used to eliminate enemies and critics of the revolutionary republic set up in France	Reign of Terror
Under the Old Regime in France, the social class made up of the nobility	Second Estate
The Third Estate’s delegates decided to force the Estates to meet as one body. On June 17, 1789, they declared themselves the National Assembly and invited the other Estates to join them.	The National Assembly
The largest social class under the Old Regime in France, made up of peasants, city workers, and the middle class	Third Estate
Haitian revolutionary and statesman	Toussaint L’Overture
A palace in France built as the home for Louis XIV	Versailles
July 14, 1789 event; first symbolic act of violence against the monarchy the beginning of the French Revolution	Storming of the Bastille
When women in response to the dramatic increase in the price of bread stormed the palace of Versailles and demanded that Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette return to Paris	Women’s March on Versailles
A series of meetings in Vienna at the and of the Napoleonic Wars to set up policies to redraw boundaries of Europe and establish a European balance of power by restoring legitimate rulers	Congress of Vienna
The most influential figure at the Congress of Vienna, he was a conservative statesman who opposed all attempts at liberalism, nationalism, or revolution in Europe	Clemens Von Metternich
An international conference held in Berlin (1884-85) to discuss colonial claims in Africa	Berlin Conference
A type of colonial government in which foreigners control all levels of government	Direct rule
The policy of empire-building, or extending a nation’s control over other lands for economic and political advantages	Imperialism
A type of colonial government that uses local officials to handle some tasks but reserves the highest power for the governing nation	Indirect rule
A period of change in the methods of producing goods and organizing labor, which began in Britain during the 1700s and resulted from the invention of new machines and the discovery of new forms of power, resulted in the rise of the middle class	Industrial Revolution
A doctrine based on the belief that government should not interfere with business	Laissez- faire
A feeling of devotion to and pride in one’s country	Nationalism








The movement of people from rural areas to cities	Urbanization


He defended the idea of a free economy, or free markets, in his book The Wealth of Nations, 1776. According to him, economic liberty guaranteed economic progress. As a result the government should not interfere.	Adam Smith
The increasing European claims to African territory between 1880s and 1914	Scramble for Africa
A poem by Rudyard Kipling and a characterization of imperialism that justified the policy as a noble enterprise.	White Man’s Burden
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	Mercantilism
A 1900 revolt in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country	Boxer Rebellion
a conflict lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Boers and the British fought for control of terrritory in South Africe	Boer War





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