| Question |
Answer |
| _______ do the binding |
Proteins |
| Tight Junctions |
-Proteins of adjacent membranes fuse together
-Needed for barriers
-Prevents movement of muscles between cells |
| Gap Junctions |
-Cell Membranes dont touch
-Hollow tubes connect to other cell
-Tubes called connexons
-Used for cell communication
-Ions flow from one cell to the other |
| Desmosomes |
-Anchoring Junctions
-Support/reinforce areas
-Prevent tearing of tissue
-Withstands stress |
| What are the four types of tissues? |
Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, Nerve |
| Epithelium |
-Forms barriers
-Covers or lines organs
-Entirely cellular
-Avascular
-Associated with connective tissue
-Highly mitotic
-Simple:one layer
-Stratified: many layers |
| Simple squamous epithelium - Function |
-Found in places needed for exchange of nutrients. |
| Simple squamous epithelium - Location |
Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity. |
| Stratified squamous epithelium - Function |
Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion.
-No diffusion |
| Stratified squamous epithelium - Location |
Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane. |
| Simple columnar epithelium - Function |
-have goblet cells
-Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances |
| Simple columnar epithelium - Location |
Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus. |
| Transitional epithelium - Function |
-stratified
-outer cells are domed
-Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine |
| Transitional epithelium - Location |
Lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra. |
| Cuboidal epithelium - Function |
-often called secretory
-secretion and absorption
-simple or stratified
-forms glands and ducts |
| Cuboidal epithelium - Location |
Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface |
| Gland |
A cell or group of cells that secrete substances into ducts or into the blood. Most of the time, and organ. |
| Glands secrete material obtained from ______? |
Blood |
| Gland classified by... |
Where they put their secretions |
| Endocrine glands |
-Secrete hormones
-often called ductless glands
-secretes hormones directly into extra cellular space, which then enters the blood
|
| Exocrine glands |
-secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
-Exampls: Salivary, Sweat |
| What is the most abundant type of tissue in the body? |
Connective |
| Functions of Connective tissue |
Support, connection, body defense |
| What is considered a connective tissue? |
Blood |
| General Characteristics of Connective tissue |
-Almost always vascular
-Mitotic capabilities, but slower then epithelial |
| Connective tissue is composed of... |
-Cells
-ECM
|
| What is ECM made of? |
Fluid, protein fibers, water, and carbohydrates |
| What are the three main types of protein fibers? |
Collagenous, elastic, reticular |
| Collagenous fibers |
-support
-tendons, ligaments |
| Elastic fibers |
-flexible support |
| Reticular fibers |
-makes the support system for soft organs
-stroma (internal skeleton of soft organs) |
| Most cells of connective tissues are... |
Fibroblasts (young) |
| Fibroblasts |
-most numerous
-secretes lots of ECM |
| What are the three specialized cells of connective tissue? |
Osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes |
| Macrophages |
-Eat up bacteria
-Dispose of dead tissue cells
-Peppered throughout loose connective tissue |
| What are the seven types of connective tissue? |
Loose, adipose, reticular, dense, cartilage, osseous, blood |
| Adipose(specialized - Function |
- Closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to side by large fat droplet
-Provides reserve food fuel
-Insulates against heat loss
-Supports and protects organs |
| Adipose(specialized) - Location |
-Under skin in the hypodermis
-around kidneys and eyeballs
-within abdomen
-in breasts |
| Loose (areolar) proper - Function |
-Filler
-Supporting and binding other tissues
-holding body fluids
-defending against infection
-storing nutrients as fat |
| Loose (areolar) proper - Location |
In some but not all connective tissue |
| Reticular connective tissue - Function |
Fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages |
| Reticular connective tissue - Location |
Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen). |
| Dense Connective Tissue - Function |
-proper
-non randomly arranged
-very resistent to stress
-attaches muscle to bones or to muscles |
| Dense Connective Tissue - Location |
Found in tendon and ligaments and dermis |
| Cartilage |
-consists of chrondroblasts that make new cell matrix until the skeleton stops growing
-made of collagen, elastin, and water
-matured chrondoblasts, chrodrocytes, found in lacunae
-avascular
|
| Cartilage location |
located in ends of bones and joints |
| Osseous (bone) tissue |
-osteocytes in lacunae
-has collagen and calcium
-Haversion systems
|
| Blood |
-vascular
-ECM: Plasma + water + solutes
-classified as tissue because it is made from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells |
| Muscle Tissue general characteristics |
-highly cellular
-specialized to contract
-generate heat
-amitotic (dont regrow) |
| Muscle Tissue functions |
-movement
-posture
-temperature regulation |
| The four kinds of muscle tissue are... |
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| Skeletal Muscle |
-attached to skeleton
-long fibers
-more than one nucleus
-striated
-contractions
-easily fatigued
-voluntary control |
| Cardiac Muscle |
-found in middle layer of heart
-forms myocardium
-uninucleate
-branched striated cells
-intercolated disks (only in cardiac muscle)
-involuntary control
-doesnt fatigue |
| Smoothe Muscle |
-not as many nuclei as dense
-spindle shaped
-uninucleate
-nonstriated
-peristalsis
-involuntary |
| Nerve Tissue |
-consists of neurons and neuroglia
|
| Neurons |
-carry messages
-cell body: nucleus
-axons and dendrites
-amitotic |
| Neuroglia |
-surround and support neurons
-mitotic
-no messages |
| Functions of skin |
-Protection
-Sensation
-Excretion
-Synthesis of Vitamin D
-Body Temperature regulation
-Blood reservoir |
| Skin protects us from... |
-Mechanical injury
-Chemical injury
-Bacterial Infection
-Dehydration
-UV radiation |
| Structure of the skin. Superficial to deep |
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (not part of the skin) |
| Epidermis |
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Divided into 5 layers |
| What are the 5 layers of the epidermis? |
Statum Germinatium
Stratum Spinosum
Statum granulosum
Stradium Lucidum
Statum Corneum |
| Statum Germinatium |
-Closest layer to dermis (lowest)
-mitotic
|
| Stratum Spinosum |
-8 layers
-large nuclei |
| Statum granulosum |
-cant really see nucleous
-lots of granules
|
| Stradium Lucidum |
-only in palms and soles
-clear |
| Statum Corneum |
-horny layer
-houses melanin |
| Dermis |
-Composed of dense connective tissue
-Site of vitamin D production |
| What are the two layers of the dermis? |
Papillary (causes fingerprints) and reticular
|
| Hypodermis |
-Loose connective tissue and adipose
-not part of the skin |
| Hair Function |
Protection |
| Each hair consists of... |
Shaft and root |
| Hair follicle |
Grounded in the stratum germanatium
Mitotic |
| Arrector Pili Muscles |
-responsible for goosebumps
-smooth muscle |
| Nail |
-Keratinized cells of epidermis
|
| Nails consist of.... |
Nail Body and Nail Root |
| Lunula |
Crescent shaped white area
Can be used to find disease |
| Name three glands... |
Sebaceous, sudoriferous, cerumen |
| Sebaceous |
-Connected to hair follicle |
| Sudoriferous (sweat) two types |
apocrine -emotion
eccrine - temperature |
| Three burns are... |
Superficial - epidermis
Partial Thickness -party into the dermis
Full Thickness - often down into the hypodermis |
| Enzyme activity at peak performance at..... |
98.6 F |
| Heat loss = |
Heat production |
| 80% of our heat loss occurs through... |
Skin |
| 15-20% of heat is lost thought... |
breath, feces, urine |
| Heat is a byproduct of... |
Cellular Metabolism |
| When you exercise... |
-Blood vessels in dermis dialte to get more blood to skin
-Sweat glands activate |
| What other systems help when you exercise? |
Cardiovascular - heart rate increases
Respiratory - Breathing rate increases |
| Decrease in body temperature... |
Blood vessels in skin contract
Sweat glands become inactive
A further decrease causes muscles to contract to create heat |
| What temperature is hypothermia? |
91-94 F |
| Why is epithelium always associated with connective tissue |
Because epithelium is avascular so it needs the blood vessels in the connective
tissue for nourishment. |
| Why is epithelium sensitive to chemotherapy? |
Because chemotherapy attacks cell in mitosis and epithelium undergoes mitosis
frequently (every 2-3 days) |
| What type and kind of tissue contains cilia and goblet cells? Where do you find
this tissue? |
Ciliated columnar epithelium, trachea is one location |
| Which tissue contains intercalated disks? |
Cardiac |
| What do Cardiac and Skeletal muscle have in common? How are they different? |
Common: striated, ability to contract Different: number and position of nuclei,
voluntary vs involuntary |
| Which kind of connective tissue does not have a lot of extracellular matrix? |
Adipose |
| Which 2 connective tissues contain very little water in their ECM? |
Osseous and Adipose |
Cameron Jacobs
on 2009-10-12
MedTemCP5 Word+Pics
