| Question |
Answer |
| cattle young female |
heifer |
| cattle mature female |
cow |
| cattle young uncastrated male |
bull |
| cattle mature uncastrated male |
bull |
| cattle young castrated male |
steer |
| cattle mature castrated male |
stag |
| goat young female |
doe |
| goat mature female |
doe |
| goat young uncastrated male |
buck |
| goat mature uncastrated male |
buck |
| goat young castrated male |
wether |
| sheep female |
ewe |
| sheep uncastrated male |
ram |
| sheep young castrated male |
wether |
| sheep mature castrated male |
stag |
| swine young female |
gilt |
| swine mature female |
sow |
| swine uncastrated male |
boar |
| swine young castrated male |
barrow |
| swine mature castrated male |
stag |
| 3 parts of the testis |
seminiferous tubules, rete testis tubules, efferent ductules |
| seminiferous tubules |
composed of sertoli (nurse) cells which produce sperm |
| rete testis tubules |
convey sperm up and out of testes |
| efferent ductules |
water is reabsorbed |
| parts of the epididymis |
head, body, tail |
| body of epididymous |
sperm mature |
| tail of epididymous |
storage of sperm at the bottume of the scrotum |
| head of epidiymous |
removal of cytoplasmic droplet |
| rout of sperm delivery from the site of production to exterior |
Testis-epididymous-vas deferens-pelvic urethra-penile urethra-urethral opening |
| leydig cells |
found between the seminiferous tubules. produce testosterone |
| Testosterone is involved with ____ |
male phenotype, sex drive, spermatogenesis |
| sertoli cells |
compose the walls of the seminiferous tubules and promote spermatogenesis. |
| GnRH (male) |
secreted by the hypothalamus and is affected by stress, environment and maturity. stimulates the release of two anterior pituitary hormones |
| LH (male) |
binds to leydig cells, stimulating testosterone secretion |
| FSH (male) |
binds to sertoli cells and stimulates spermatogenesis |
| pampiniform plexus |
heat exchange between testicular artery and testicular vein |
| 3 mechanisms for cooling testes |
pampiniform plexus, contraction and relaxation of cremaster and tunica dartos muscles, sweat glands |
| cremaster muscle |
attaches the top of the testis to the abdominal wall which pull the testes closer to the body |
| Tunica Dartos muscle |
muscle which composes a portion of the scrotal wall which pushes the testes closer to the body |
| cryptorchid |
males that have undescended testes.genetic trait. all cells but the leydig cells die, causing the male to have increased sex drive but they are starile |
| Vas deferens |
transport of sperm from the tail of the epididymous to the pelvic urethra |
| ampulla |
Its presence in the vas deferens increases speed of transport of sperm |
| Accessory glands |
provide fluid to sperm in pelvic urethra (seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral) |
| Functions of accessory fluid |
sperm transport, flushes and lubricates urethra, substrates for energy |
| reproductive characteristics of bulls & rams |
pendulous testis, breed many females per day, environment has little effect on semen, season effects sperm in rams |
| reproductive characteristics of boars & stallions |
testes close to body, breed few females/day, environment effects semen quality, season effects stallions sperm |
| breeding soundness exam |
palpate scrotum & testes, rectally palpate internal organs, examine penis, scrotal circumference, structural correctness, semen evaluation |
| semen evaluation |
live/dead, rate of movement, cytoplasmic droplet, concentration, motility, volume, % normal cells |
| semen collection |
recovery, massage, electorejaculator, artificial vagina, gloved hand |
| atresia |
follicular death |
| what does estrogen cause? maturation of reproductive system, secondary sex characteristics, adn sex drinve |
|
| GnRH (female) |
secreted by the hypothalamus. secretion affected by stress, environment, and maturity. stimulates the release of 2 anterior pituitary hormones |
| FSH (female) |
binds to receptors on follicular cells, stimulating estrogen secretion and follicular growth |
| LH (female) |
binds to receptors of follicular cells of ovulatory size at puberty, stimulating ovulation and luteinization of follicular cells.(start producing progesterone) |
| Length of ovarian cycle in cows/horses/sows |
21 days |
| Length of ovarian cycle in sheep |
17 days |
| stages of the strous cycle |
estrus, metestrus, diestrus, proestrus |
| estrus |
sexual receptivity. ovulatory follicles, estrogen max/progesterone min (allows mating) |
| metestrus |
corpus hemorrhagicum (CH). estrogen decreasing/progesterone increasing |
| diestrus |
Corpus luteum (CL). estrogen min/progesterone max. (If preg., CL maintained during gestation...If not preg, CL killed by PGF2α from the empty uterus |
| Proestrus |
corpus albicans (CA) + growing follicles. estrogen increasing/progesterone decreasing |
| Estrogen is a ____ hormone produced by _____ |
excitatory...growing follicles |
| Progesterone is a ____ hormone produced by _____ |
quieting ...luteal cells |
| endometrium |
lining of the uterus. produces uterine milk and PGF2α |
| oviducts |
transport of ova and sperm. site of fertilization and embryo transport into the uterus |
| uterus |
site for embryo fetal development. endocrine organ during estrous cycle (produces PGF2α) |
| cervix |
prevents microbial contamination of uterus. reservoir for semen and transport o fspermatozoa. (closes when progesterone is high) |
| vagina |
copulatory organ |
| vestibule |
extends from the urethral opening to the vulva in domestic livestock species |
| vulva |
external opening of the reproductive tract |
| why is bacterial infection of the uterus common in older mares? |
cervix is very short allowing bacteria to enter, which then pool in the uterus |
| What is the difference between a litter bearing animal's uterus and a single birth animal's uterus? |
for litter bearing, longer utierine horn and shorter uterine body. |
| Which livestock animals have a cervical os? |
cow, sheep, horse |
| Female Swine puberty |
5 months |
| Female Swine estrous cycle |
21 days |
| female swine estrus |
2-3 days |
| female swine gestation |
114 days |
| What is unique about the puberty age in swine |
genetically set |
| Why must the farrowing room temp be 70-75 degrees for pigs |
pigletts can't regulate their own body temperature |
| Female cattle puberty |
10 months |
| female cattle estrous cycle |
21 days |
| female cattle estrus |
18 hours |
| female cattle gestation |
283 days |
| what is unique about the reproductive parameters in female cattle |
shortest estrus of all domestic animals. ovulation occurs after estrus |
| female sheep puberty |
4-10 months |
| female sheep first breeding |
first fall after 1 year old |
| female sheep estous cycle |
17 days |
| female sheep estrus |
30 hours |
| female sheep gestation |
148 days |
| Ewes are ____ breeders, tush they begin cycling when dalight hours _____ |
short day.... drop below 14 |
| ewes are most fertile during the months of _____ |
sept - dec |
| female horse puberty |
12-15 months |
| female horse age to breed |
3 years |
| female horse estrous cycle |
21 days |
| female horse estrus |
5 days |
| when do mares ovulate? |
1-2 days before the end of estrus |
| Mares are _____, which means that they cycle during the _______ months |
long day....summer |
| Injection of a luteolytic agent(PGF2α) which kills luteal cells |
Injection only, kill corpus luteum and females exhibit estrus within 2-5 days |
| Why is luteolytic agent injecion ineffecive in pigs? |
PGF2α receptors only appear on the luteal cells one day before the natural release of PGF2α |
| Administration of progestins |
mimics presence of CL, administered for 14-20 days. removal of progestin results in animals exhibiting estrus within 2-8 days |
| How is A.I. done in cows? |
rectovaginal |
| How is A.I. done in sheep? |
vaginal with speculum |
| how is A.I. done in the pig? |
vaginal without speculum |
| how is A.I. done in a mare? |
vaginocervical |
| Advantages of A.I. |
genetic improvement, control venereal disease, accurate breeding records, less males needed, frozen storage, import exotic breeds, increase profits |
| Limitations of A.I. |
requires skilled technicians, expensive, overuse of males, may be subject to abuse |
| gestation length in mare, cow, ewe, sow |
336 days, 283 days, 150 days, 114 days |
| parturition |
expulsion of fetus and membranes 3 stages |
| what are the three stages of parturition? |
preparatory (relaxation of the cervix), uterine expulsion of fetus, expulsion of fetal membranes (placenta) |
| Free martin |
female twin to a bull. steril and masculinized. |
| Colostrum |
"first milk" contains antibodies that are crucial to survival of the young |
| why is it crucial for offspring to injst antibodies during the 1st 48 hours of life? |
Gaps in the underdeveloped stomach allow antibodies directly into the blood stream so that they are not digested |
| dystocia |
retained placenta. results in infectionand possibly death (esp. in cows) |
Ch.18 LTI-MA 509
