| Question |
Answer |
| femur |
thigh bone; heaviest strongest bone in the body |
| greater trochanter |
larger rough prominence process at the upper part of the femur situated on outer part of upper end of the shaft at it junction with the neck |
| lesser trochanter |
smaller rough prominence process at the upper part of the femur situated at the lower back part of the junction of the shaft & neck |
| intertrochanteric line |
line on the anterior surface of femur that runs obliquely from the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter |
| intertrochanteric crest |
line on the posterior surface of femur that runs obliquely from the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter |
| gluteal tuberosity |
lateral ridge of linea aspera of femur that gives attachment to gluteus maximus |
| the femur slants medially to join with the knee bone which brings the knees in line with the body's ___ ___ ___ |
center of gravity |
| lateral condyle |
outer side of femur; articulates with eminence on upper part of tibia |
| medial condyle |
inner side of femur; articulates with eminence on upper part of tibia |
| intercondylar fossa |
notch separating the condyles of the femur |
| patellar surface |
smooth surface forming a joint with patella |
| interosseous membrane |
strong sheet of fibrous tissue between the shafts of the tibia & fibula |
| tibia |
shin bone; inner & usually larger of 2 bones of leg between knee & ankle; articulates above with femur and below with talus |
| medial & laterals condyles of the tibia articulate with the distal end of the _____ |
femur |
| intercondylar eminence |
area between condyles of the tibia |
| tibial tuberosity |
roughened area of on the anterior surface of tibia where patellar ligament attaches |
| medial malleolus |
a process that forms the inner bulge of the ankle |
| anterior border |
sharp ridge on the anterior surface of the tibia; unprotected by muscle |
| fibula |
thin & sticklike bone which lies alongside the tibia forming a joint with the tibia both proximally & distally |
| lateral malleolus |
distal end on the fibula forming the outer part of the ankle |
| the foot is composed of |
tarsals, metatarsals & phalanges |
| the important functions of the foot are |
support & lever for propulsion for walking/running |
| tarsus |
part between metarsals & legs, small bones supporting this part of the limb including the 3 cuneiform bones & cuboid in a distal row and navicular, calcaneous & talus in a proximal row |
| the foot is composed of ____ tarsal bones |
7 |
| calcaneous |
heel bone |
| talus |
ankle |
| the body weight is carries most by |
the calcaneous & talus |
| the foot contains ___ metatarsals forming the sole of the foot |
5 |
| the foot contains ___ phalanges making up the toes |
14 |
| the foot has three strong ____ |
arches |
| the arches of the foot are 2 _____ (medial & lateral) and 1 ______ |
longitudinal; transverse |
| the ____ and ___ bind the foot together and hold the bones firmly in the arch position |
ligaments; tendons |
| joints |
point of contact between elements whether movable or rigidly fixed together with surrounding & supporting parts |
| joints can also be called |
articulations |
| joints are classified as _____ or _____ |
functionally; structurally |
| synarthroses |
immovable joints |
| amphiarthroses |
slightly movable joints |
| diarthroses |
freely movable joints |
| diarthroses joints are mostly found in the |
limbs |
| amphiarthroses & synarthroses joints are restricted to the ____ ____ |
axial skeleton |
| fibrous joints |
joints united by fibrous tissue which separates the bony regions at the joint; immovable |
| cartilaginous joints |
bone ends connected by cartilage which separates the bony regions at the joint; immovable & slightly movable joints |
| synovial joints |
joint cavity separates the bony regions at the end and contains synovial fluid; freely movable joints |
| sutures of the skull are considered _____ joints |
fibrous |
| syndesmoses |
connecting fibers are longer than those of sutures, the joint has more give |
| the joint connecting the distal ends of the ____ & ____ us a syndesmoses |
tibia; fibula |
| the pubic symphysis & intervertebral joints are considered _____ joints |
cartilaginous |
| all synovial joints are distinguished by the following characteristics: |
articular cartilage covers ends of bones, fibrous articular capsule, joint cavity & reinforcing ligaments |
| articular cartilage covers the ends of the bones forming the joint in a _______ joint |
synovial |
| joint surfaces are enclosed by sleeve/capsule of fibrous connective tissue & capsule is lines w/smooth synovial membrane |
distinguishing feature of a synovial joint |
| bursae |
small serous sac between tendon & bone |
| tendon sheath |
elongated bursa which wraps around a tendon subjected to friction |
| dislocation |
displacement of one or more bones at the joint |
| reduction |
replacement/realignment of a bone into its normal position |
| plane joint |
diarthrosis where articular surface glide upon each without axial motion |
| hinge joint |
joint between bones that permits motion in only one plane |
| pivot joint |
bony pivot in a ring of bone & ligament and permit rotary movement only |
| condyloid |
shaped like/situated near a condyle; relating to a condyle |
| saddle joint |
saddle-shaped articular surfaces that are convex in one direction & concave in another & permit movements in all directions except axial rotation |
| ball-and-socket joints |
articulation rounded head of one bone fits into a cuplike cavity of the other & admits movement in any direction |
| bursitis |
"water on the knee"; joint pain & inflammation of the bursae or synovial membrane |
| sprain |
ligaments/tendons damaged by excessive stretching, or being torn away from the bone |
| arthritis |
describes over 100 different types of inflammatory/degenerative diseases damaging the joints |
| osteoarthritis |
OA - most common form of arthritis; typically affects aged; "wear and tear" arthritis affects articular cartilages; cartilage softens/breaks down |
| bone spurs |
sharp & especially bony outgrowth |
| crepitus |
grating/crackling sound/sensation produced by fracture ends of bone moving against each other |
| Rheumatoid arthritis |
RA - chronic inflammatory disorder; symmetrical in manner; marked by remissions & flare ups; inflammation of synovial membranes, enters joint cavity from the blood releasing inflammatory chemicals that destroy body tissues |
| pannus |
sheet of inflammatory granulation that spreads from the synovial membrane and invades the joint in RA ultimately leading to fibrous ankylosis |
| fibrous ankylosis |
stiffness/fixation of a joint by disease/surgery due to growth of fibrous tissue |
| muscles |
from Latin word mus meaning "little mouse" |
| essential function of the muscle is |
contraction/shortening |
| muscles can be viewed as the ______ of the body |
machines |
| cardiac muscle |
cushioned by small amounts of soft endomysium & arranged in a spiral/figure 8 shaped bundles |
| smooth muscle |
spindle-shaped, single nucleus & surrounded by limited endomysium; no striations & is involuntary; found mainly in walls of hollow visceral organs |
| muscle fibers |
any of the elongated cells characteristic of muscle; contained in all types of muscle cells, except for cardiac |
| myofilaments |
one of the individual filaments of actin/myosin that make up myofibril; thread-like proteins |
| sarcoplasm |
the cytoplasm in muscle cells |
| when you see myo- or mys- prefixes this will always mean |
muscle |
| skeletal muscle fibers |
packaged into the organs called skeletal muscles; huge, cigar-shaped, multinucleate cells; lrgst of muscle fiber types |
| striated muscle |
fibers have obvious stripes |
| voluntary muscle |
only muscle type subject to conscious control |
| skeletal muscles are considered ___ & ___ muscles |
striated; voluntary |
| when a skeletal muscle is activated by reflexes, this means |
without our "willed" command |
| key words to think of with skeletal muscles are |
skeletal, striated, voluntary |
| the reason that skeletal muscles fibers are so strong is that they are bundled together by _____ _____, providing strength & support to the entire muscle |
connective tissue |
| endomysium |
the delicate connective tissue sheath in which each muscle fiber is enclosed |
| perimysium |
a coarser fibrous membrane in which several sheathed muscle fibers are wrapped |
| fascicle |
small bundle of skeletal muscle cells bound together by fasciae & form one of the essential elements of a muscle |
| epimysium |
external connective-tissue sheath of a muscle |
| the epimysia blend into cordlike _____ or into sheet like ____ |
tendons; aponeuroses |
| aponeuroses |
any of the broad flat sheets of dense fibrous collagenous connective tissue that completely cover; forms the end of the muscles &/or attachments of various muscles |
| tendons |
mostly tough collagenic fibers, allowing them to cross bony projections |
| most important functions of the tendon are _____ & _____ _____ |
durability; conserving space |
| key words to think of with smooth muscles are |
visceral, nonstriated, involuntary |
| smooth muscles are most often arranged in 2 _____; one is circular and the other is ______ |
layers; longitudinally |
| smooth muscle contraction is ____ & ____ |
slow; sustained |
| intercalated disks |
comprised longitudinal & end-to-end junctions between adjacent cells, functioning to connect them mechanically & electrically |
| key words to think of with cardiac muscles are |
cardiac, striated, involuntary |
| when the heart muscles contract they force the blood from the chamber into the ______ leaving the heart |
arteries |
| the term Muscular System applies to |
skeletal muscles |
| the 3 important roles of skeletal muscles are maintaining ____, stabilizing ____ & generate ____ |
posture, joints, heat |
| producing movement is a common function of all ____ ____ |
muscle types |
| skeletal muscle accounts for at least ____ |
of body mass, so it is the muscle type most responsible for ____ generation |
| sarcolemma |
thin transparent homogeneous sheath enclosing striated muscle fiber |
Linnette Francois
on 2009-10-10
mr. charles11
