| Question |
Answer |
| fibrocartilage callus |
mass of repair tissue made up of some cartilage matrix, some bony matrix and collagen fibers; forms "splint" to broken bone, closing the gap |
| bony callus |
spongy bone which replaces the fibrocartilage callus |
| the bony callus is _____ in response to mechanical stress, forming a permanent _____ at the fracture site |
remodeled; "patch" |
| skull |
formed by 2 sets of bones, cranium & facial |
| cranium |
bone that encloses & protects brain tissue; composed of 8 flat bones, & 2 paired bones parietal & temporal (single bones) |
| facial bones |
hold eyes in anterior position & allow muscles of the face to display emotions |
| sutures |
the line of union in an immovable articulation (as between the bones of the skull); interlocking, immovable joints; the mandible is an exception |
| mandible is the only _____ _____ joint attached to the skull |
freely movable |
| frontal bone |
forehead, bony projections under eyebrows & superior part of eye orbits |
| parietal bones |
form most of superior & lateral walls of cranium; meet at sagittal suture (at the midline of skull) & form the coronal suture (meet frontal bone) |
| sagittal suture |
deeply serrated articulation between the two parietal bones in the median plane of the top of the head |
| coronal suture |
suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones |
| temporal bones |
inferior or parietal bones; join them at squamous sutures |
| external acoustic meatus |
canal leading to eardrum & middle ear; part of temporal bone markings |
| sytloid process |
sharp, needlelike projection just inferior or external acoustic meatus; point of attached for many neck muscles; part of temporal bone markings |
| zygomatic process |
thin bridge of bone joining with cheekbone (zygomatic bone) anteriorly; part of temporal bone markings |
| mastoid process |
full of air cavities (mastoid sinuses); rough projection posterior & inferior to external acoustic meatus; many neck muscles attach here; part of temporal bone markings |
| mastoiditis |
inflammation & infection of the mastoid processes just behind the ear; very close to brain so it is possible to spread to the brain |
| jugular foramen |
junction of occipital & temporal bones, allows passage of jugular vein which drains the brain |
| internal acoustic meatus |
anterior to the jugular foramen; transmits cranial nerves VII & VIII (facial & vestibulocochlear nerves) |
| cartoid canal |
anterior to the jugular foramen, on the inferior aspect; internal cartoid artery runs to supply blood to most of brain |
| occipital bone |
most posterior of the cranium; forms floor & back wall of skull |
| lambdoid suture |
occipital & parietal bones join anteriorly |
| foramen magnum |
large openeing at the base of the occipital bone; "large hole"; surrounds the lower part of brain & allows connection of spinal cord w/brain |
| occipital condyles |
lateral to foramen magnum, on each side; they are rocker like and rest on the first vertebra of spinal column |
| sphenoid bone |
butterfly shaped, spans width of skull forming part of floor for cranial cavity |
| sella turcica |
small depression in the midline of the sphenoid hone; forms snug enclosure for pituitary gland; bone marking of sphenoid bone |
| Turk's Saddle is another name for |
sella turcica |
| foramen ovale |
lrg oval opening in line w/posterior end of sella turcica; allows fibers of cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve) to pass to the chewing muscles of the lower mandible; bone marking of sphenoid bone |
| optic canal |
openings allows optic nerve to pass into eye; part of the orbits; bone marking of sphenoid bone |
| superior orbital fissure |
cranial nerves (III, IV & VI) passage which control eyes movements; bone marking of sphenoid bone |
| sphenoid sinuses |
either of 2 irregular cavities in the sphenoid bone that communicate with sinus cavities |
| ethmoid bone |
irregularly shaped, lying anterior to sphenoid; forms roof of nasal cavity & part of medial walls of orbits |
| crista galli |
"cock's comb"; projecting from superior surface of ethmoid bone, outermost covering of brain attaches to these projections |
| cribriform plates |
allow nerve fibers carrying impulses from olfactory receptors of nose to reach brain; bone marking of ethmoid bone |
| superior & middle nasal conchae |
form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity & increase turbulence of air flowing through nasal passages; bone marking of ethmoid bone |
| there are a total of ____ facial bones, ___ are paired; only the _____ & ____ are single. |
14; 12; mandible & vomer |
| maxillae |
two maxillary bones fuse to form the upper jaw; all facial bones join here, with exception to mandible |
| alveolar margin |
maxillae carry upper teeth |
| palatine processes |
form anterior of hard palate |
| sinuses |
a cavity in the substance of a bone of the skull that usually communicates with the nostrils and contains air |
| paranasal sinuses |
surrounding nasal cavity, lighten skull bone & amplify sound during speech; mucosa lining infection common, sinusitis |
| sinusitis |
inflammation of sinuses of the skull |
| palatine bones |
paired bones lie posterior to palatine processes of maxillae; form posterior part of hard palate |
| cleft palate |
failure of palatine processes to fuse medially |
| zygomatic bones |
referred to as cheekbones; form a good size portion of lateral walls of orbits (eye sockets) |
| lacrimal bones |
fingernail-sized bones form part of medial walls of each orbit; each lacrimal bone has a groove serving passageway for tears |
| lacrima means |
tears |
| nasal bones |
small rectangular bones forming bridge of nose |
| vomer bone |
single bone in median line of nasal cavity; means "plow" referring to shape of bone; forms most of bony nasal septum |
| inferior nasal conchae |
thin, curved bones projecting medially from lateral walls of nasal cavity; superior & middle conchae are part of ethmoid bone |
| mandible |
lower jaw; largest/strongest bone of face; joins temporal bones on each side, creating only free movable joint of the skull; horizontal part forms chin, upright bars of bone extend from body to connect mandible to temporal bone |
| aveoli |
socket in the lower mandible alveolar margin for the lower teeth at the superior edge of the mandibular body |
| hyoid bone |
not part of skull rather located near mandible & temporal bones; only bone of the body that doesn’t directly articulate with any other bone; suspended in mid-neck region 2cm above Larynx, anchored by ligaments to styloid processes |
| serves as a movable base for the tongue & attachment point for neck muscles that raise & lower larynx when we swallow & speak |
hyoid bone |
| fontanels |
any of the spaces closed by membranous structures between the uncompleted angles of the parietal bones and the neighboring bones of a fetal or young skull |
| anterior fontanel |
largest diamond-shaped fontanel occurring at the meeting point of the coronal and sagittal sutures |
| fontanels allow for the fetal skull to be ______ during birth and allow the ____ to grow |
compressed; fetusfontanels can no longer be felt by _____ months after birth |
| vertebral column |
spine; extends from skull to pelvis; formed from 26 irregular bones connected/reinforced by ligament making it flexible/curved structure |
| the ___ ____ runs through the vertebral column |
spinal cord |
| before birth the spine consists of ____ vertebrae; ____ eventually fuse to form sacrum & coccyx |
33; 9 |
| cervical vertebrae |
7 vertebrae of the neck; identified as c1-c7; form neck region of spine; smallest/lightest vertebrae; spinous process short & two branches |
| thoracic vertebrae |
12 vertebrae of the middle region of spinal column; T1-T12 all typical; on vertebrae to articulate with ribs; body is somewhat heart-shaped |
| lumbar vertebrae |
5 low back vertebrae; L1-L5; massive block-like bodies; short hatchet shaped spinous processes; sturdiest of vertebrae |
| intervertebral discs |
pads of flexible fibrocartilage, that cushion vertebrae and absorb shock while allowing flexibility in the spine |
| herniated disk |
protruding disk on the spinal cord, caused by drying of disk, weakened ligaments of vertebral column, or twisting forces |
| the disks and S-shaped structure of vertebral column help to prevent shock to head when we ____ or ____ |
walk; run |
| primary curvatures |
spinal curvatures in the thoracic & sacral regions; primary because they are there when we are born |
| secondary curvatures |
lumbar & cervical regions; develop sometime after birth; in adults allows to center body weight on lower limbs |
| cervical curvatures begin to appear when a baby begins to raise its _____ |
head |
| lumbar curvatures begin to appear when a baby begins to ____ |
walk |
| scoliosis |
lateral curvature of the spine |
| kyphosis |
exaggerated outward curvature of the thoracic region of the spinal column resulting in a rounded upper back |
| lordosis |
exaggerated forward curvature of the lumbar and cervical regions of the spinal column |
| centrum |
body; disc like, weight-bearing part of vertebra facing anteriorly in vertebral column |
| vertebral arch |
arch formed from joining of all posterior extensions from ventral body; laminae & pedicles |
| laminae |
part of the neural arch of a vertebra extending from the pedicle to the median line |
| pedicle |
basal part of each side of the neural arch of a vertebra connecting the laminae with the centrum |
| vertebral foramen |
canal through which the spinal cord passes |
| transverse processes |
2 lateral projections from the vertebral arch |
| spinous process |
single projection arising from the posterior aspect of vertebral arch (actually the fuse laminae) |
| superior & inferior articular processes |
paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen, allowing vertebra form joints with adjacent vertebrae |
| atlas |
C1, has no body superior surfaces of its transverse process contain lrg depressions that receive occipital condyles of the skull; allows to nod 'yes' |
| axis |
C2, acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas (and skull); large upright process (dens) which acts as the pivot point |
| dens |
a tooth like process that projects from the anterior end of the centrum of the axis in the spinal column, serves as a pivot on which the atlas rotates |
| typical cervical vertebrae are considered |
C3-C7 |
| transverse processes of cervical vertebrae contain ______ giving passage to vertebral arteries on way to ______ |
foramina (openings); brain |
Linnette Francois
on 2009-10-10
BIOL3326 Forms
