A & P Midterm (8)

Description:	1st 1/2 term mixed from chapters
Category:	Medical
Created by:	Linnette Francois on 2009-10-10

Question	Answer
when the rest of the body cells remove their necessary glycogen, liver cells break down stored ______ to raise the blood sugar levels	glycogen
glycogenolysis	"glycogen splitting" the breakdown of glycogen especially to glucose
gluconeogenesis	"formation of new sugar"; formation of glucose from precursors other than carbohydrates especially by the liver and kidney using amino acids from proteins, glycerol from fats, or lactate produced by muscle during anaerobic glycolosis
acetic acid	colorless pungent liquid acid C2H4O2 that is the chief acid of vinegar and that is used especially in synthesis (as of plastics) and occasionally in medicine as an astringent and styptic
acetoacetic acid	unstable acid C4H6O3 that is one of the ketone bodies found in abnormal amounts in the blood and urine in certain conditions of impaired metabolism (as in starvation and diabetes mellitus)
albumin	most abundant protein in the blood; holds fluid in bloodstream
cholesterol is not used as	energy fuel
steroids and vitamin D are built from	cholesterol
85% of cholesterol in the body is made by the	liver
low density lipoproteins LDL	transport cholesterol & other lipids to body cells
fatty substances deposit on the arterial walls, leading to artherosclerosis, when the	LDLs are high
high-density lipoproteins HDLs	"good" because the will be broken down & eliminated from the body
both LDLs & HDLs are required in the body; however they need to maintain the proper	ratio
dynamic balance exists when the body's energy ______ balances with the energy ____	intake; output
energy intake	energy liberated during food oxidation; glycolosis, Krebs cycle & electron transport chain
energy output	energy immediately lose as heat, the energy it takes to do work, and the energy that is stored in the form of fat/glycogen
energy storage is only important during _____ & _____	growth and net fat deposit
the word skeleton comes from the Greek word meaning	dried-up body
the major functions of the skeleton are	protection and motion
axial skeleton	bone forming the longitudinal axis of the body
appendicular skeleton	126 bone of the limbs and the pectoral & pelvis girdles which attach limbs to axial skeleton
skeletal system includes	joints, cartilages & ligaments
ligaments	fibrous cords that bind the bones together at the joints
joints	point of contact between elements of the skeleton whether movable or rigidly fixed together with surrounding & supporting parts; such as membranes, tendons or ligaments
bones of the legs support the body _____ and bones of the rib cage support the _____ wall	trunk; thoracic
bones protect soft body ______	organs
skeletal muscles use bones as ______ to move the body & its parts	levers
_____ is stored in the internal cavities of the bones	fat
the bones store many minerals; the most important of which are ______ & ______	calcium & phosphorus
in order for the nervous system to transmit messages, the muscle to contract and for the blood to be able to clot a small amount of ____ must be present in the blood at all times	Ca2
calcium is deposited in the bones as ____ _____	calcium salts
_______ control the movement of calcium in and out of the bones based on the needs of the body	hormones
hematopoesis	formation of blood or of blood cells in the body
_______ occurs within the marrow cavities of certain bones	hematopoesis
the adult skeleton is composed of _____ bones	206
compact bone	having dense structure without small cavities or cells; looks smooth and of uniform structure/composition throughout (homogeneous)
spongy bone	composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space; resembling a sponge/full of cavities
bones are classified according to shape, into four groups	long, short, flat & irregular
long bones	longer than they are wide; shaft with heads at bones end; mostly compact bone;
all of the bones of the limbs, with exception to the patella & wrist/ankle bones, are considered	long bones
short bones	cube-shaped & contain mostly spongy bone
bones of the wrist and ankle are considered	short bones
sesamoid bones	forms within tendons; considered short bones; i.e. patella
flat bones	thin, flattened and usually curved; 2 thin layers of compact bone surrounding a layer of spongy bone between them
most of the bones of the skull, ribs, and sternum are considered	flat bones
irregular bones	bones that do not fit into the categories of long, short, or flat bones; i.e. vertebrae & hip bones
diaphysis	shaft of the long bone; made of compact bone and makes up most of the bone's length
periosteum	protective fibrous connective tissue membrane covering the diaphysis
perforating, Sharpy's, fibers	any of the thready processes of the periosteum that penetrate the tissue of the superficial lamellae of bones; secures the periosteum to the underlying bone
epiphyses	ends of the long bones; consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone
articular cartilage	covers the external surface of epiphyses; composed of glassy, hyaline cartilage which provides a smooth slippery surface to reduce friction at joint surfaces
epiphyseal line	thin line of body tissue spanning the epiphyses that looks a little different from the rest of the bone in that area; found in adult bones
the epiphyseal line is a remnant of the ____ ____, found in young bones still growing.	epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal plate	site of longitudinal growth of the bone; replaced by bone by the end of puberty, leaving the epiphyseal lines to mark previous locations
medullary cavity/canal	storage area for adipose tissue in adult bones; yellow marrow cavity of a bone
in infants the medullary cavity forms ____ ____ cells and ____ marrow is found there	red blood; red
red marrow	reddish bone marrow containing little fat; chief area of red blood cell and granulocyte formation
in adults red marrow is confined to cavities in the ____ bone of flat bones and ____ of some long bones	spongy; epiphyses
bone markings	reveal where muscles, tendons and ligaments were attached and where blood vessels and nerves passed
projections & processes	bone markings which grow out from the bone surface
depressions/cavities	bone markings which are indentations in the bone
all of the bone marking terms beginning with T are	projections
all of the bone marking terms beginning with F (except facet) are	depressions
ostecytes	mature bone cells found within the matrix inside of lacunae
lacunae	tiny cavities in hone/cartilage occupied by ostecytes arranged in concentric circles
lamellae	bony concentric circle layers surrounding the haversian canals
Haversian (central) canals	central canals running lengthwise through the bony matrix, which carrying blood vessels and nerves to all areas of the bone
canaliculi	tiny canals radiating outward from the central canals to all lacunae
_____ form a transportation system which connects all bone cells to the nutrient supply through the hard bone matrix	canaliculi
bones heal quickly from injury because they are well ____	nourished
Volkmann's (perforating) canals	small channels in bone which transmit blood vessels from periosteum into the bone that lies perpendicular to and communicate with Haversian canals
Volkmann's (perforating) canals run into the compact bone at the _____ ____ to the shaft	right angles
bone ___ ____ make bones hard to resist compression and organic parts, especially _____ _____ provide for flexibility & tensile strength	calcium salts; collagen fibers
in embryos the bone is made up primarily of ___ ____	hyaline cartilage
ossification	process of bone formation
osteoblasts	bone forming cell
bones form on _______ cartilage "models" or fibrous membranes	hyaline
hyaline cartilage models are _____ away, leaving a _____ cavity within the newly formed bone	digested; medullary
by birth majority of hyaline cartilage models are converted to bone, with exception of two:	articular cartilages (at both ends) and epiphyseal plates
appositional growth	deposition of successive layers upon those already present; bone increases in diameter
long-bone growth is controlled by ____ hormone & ____ hormones	growth & sex
during puberty/adolescence the _____ _____ are completely converted to bone	epiphyseal plates
bone remodeling responds to two factors:	calcium levels in blood & pull of gravity & muscles on the skeleton
osteoclasts	giant bone destroying cells in bones
PTH, excreted by parathyroid, stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix in order to raise	calcium levels in the blood
hypercalcemia	excessive calcium in the blood
when there is hypercalcemia the calcium is deposited back into bone matrix as ____ ____	calcium salts
bone remodeling	help retain normal proportions & strength during long-bone growth as body size/weight increases; also allows for thickening & formation of lrg projections where bulky muscles attach
two controlling mechanisms of bone	calcium uptake/release & bone remodeling
PTH determines ____ bone is to be broken down/formed based on blood calcium levels and bone remodeling responds to gravity/muscles to determine ____	when/if; where
rickets	disease in children where bones fail to calcify; due to lack of calcium in diet or Vitamin D deficiency (needed to absorb calcium into bloodstream)
fractures	breaking of hard tissue/bone
closed (simple) fracture	fracture where bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin
open (compound) fracture	broken bone ends penetrate through the skin
reduction	realignment of broken bone ends
closed reduction	reduction of a displaced part by manipulation; without an incision
open reduction	realignment of a fractured bone after incision into the fracture site; surgery includes pins or wires to keep bones in place
healing time for a simple fracture	6-8 weeks
a _____ is formed at bone break because the blood vessels are ruptured	hematoma