A & P Midterm (7)

Description:	1st 1/2 term mixed from chapters
Category:	Medical
Created by:	Linnette Francois on 2009-10-10

Question	Answer
no food absorption occurs in the	mouth
the ____ & ____ have no digestive function	pharynx & esophagus
deglutition	act, power, or process of swallowing
buccal phase	voluntary; food is chewed & mixed with saliva, forming the bolus, which is forced into the pharynx by the tongue
pharyngeal-esophageal phase	involuntary; transports food pharynx & esophagus where the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system takes control & promotes mobility of digestive organs going forward
_____ plays no part in the transport of food once it has left the mouth	gravity
mechanical & chemical digestion begins in the	mouth
chemical digestion of ____, into maltose, beings when salivary _____ is released in the mouth	starch; amylase
simple pressure of anything put into the mouth with cause the production of more	saliva
secretion of gastric juice is regulated by ____ & _____ factors	neural & hormonal
the presence of ___ and rising PH, in the stomach, stimulate the stomach cells to release the hormone _____	food; gastrin
both ____ ____ & ___________ ____ have the ability to digest the stomach	hydrochloric acid; protein-digesting enzymes
ulcers	break in skin or mucous membrane with loss of surface tissue, disintegration and necrosis of epithelial tissue, and often pus
as long as enough ____ is produced the stomach will be safe, from ulcers	mucus
heartburn	burning discomfort behind the lower part of the sternum usually related to spasm of the lower end of the esophagus or of the upper part of the stomach often in association with gastroesophageal reflux
hiatal hernia	hernia in which an anatomical part (as the stomach) protrudes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
when the diaphragm no longer reinforces the cardioesophageal sphincter, gastric juice flows into the unprotected esophagus; this can cause _____ or ulceration of the esophagus	esophagitis
hydrochloric acid activates ____ to ____	pepsinogen; pepsin
pepsinogen	granular zymogene of the gastric glands that is readily converted into pepsin in a slightly acid medium
renin	2nd protein digesting enzyme produced by the stomach
renin works primarily on	milk protein
renin is produced in large amounts in _____	infants
little chemical digestion occurs in the	stomach
chyme is formed when the enzyme-containing _____ ____ is mixed with the food by the stomach	gastric juice
pylorus of the stomach holds about ____ of chyme	30 ml
enterogastric reflex	reflex inhibition of the emptying of the stomach's contents through the pylorus that occurs when the duodenum is stimulated by the presence of irritants, is overloaded, or is obstructed
emetic center	located in the brain which inducing vomiting due to local irritation, such as bacterial food poisoning
vomiting is reverse _____	peristalsis
no ____ have begun digestion until they reach the small intestine	fats
intestinal juice is enzyme poor and the protective _____ is the most important intestinal gland secretion	mucus
enzyme-rich ____ _____ is ducted in from the pancreas, as well as ___ from the liver; into the small intestine	pancreatic juice; bile
pancreatic juice enzymes completed the digestion of ____, carry our 1/2 of protein digestion, are totally responsible for ___ digestion and digest _____ acids	starch; fat; nucleic
trypsin	produced and secreted in the pancreatic juice in the form of inactive trypsinogen and activated in the intestine
chymotrypsin	protease that hydrolyzes peptide bonds and is formed in the intestine from chymotrypsinogen
carboxypeptidase	enzyme that hydrolyzes peptides and especially polypeptides by splitting off sequentially the amino acids at the end of the peptide chain which contain free carboxyl groups
when pancreatic juice reaches small intestine, it ______ the acidic chyme coming from the stomach	neutralizes
pancreatitis	inflammation of the pancreas results from activation of pancreatic enzymes in pancreatic duct; causing digestion of pancreatic tissue and duct
secretin	intestinal proteinaceous hormone capable of stimulating secretion by the pancreas and liver
cholecystokinin (CCK)	hormone secreted especially by the duodenal mucosa that regulates the emptying of the gallbladder and secretion of enzymes by the pancreas
both ____ & ____ influence release of pancreatic juice & bile	secretin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
bile is not an _____; it works as a detergent to _______ lrg fat globules into smaller ones.	enzyme; emulsify
fat soluble vitamins include	K, D, and A
if bile or pancreatic juice is absent, no fat digestion occurs leading to deficiency of Vitamin K which is one of the necessary	clotting factors
most substances are absorbed through the plasma membrane by ______ ______	active transport
lipids are absorbed passively by the process of ________	diffusion
the colon produces no _____ enzymes	digestive
bacteria, residing, in the large intestine makes Vitamin ___ & ___	K & B
haustral contractions	slow segmenting movements lasting about (1) minute and recurring every 30 minutes
haustrum	one of the pouches or sacculations into which the large intestine is divided
mass movements	long, slow-moving but powerful contractile waves that move over large areas of colon 3-4 times daily & force the contents toward the rectum
diverticula	abnormal pouch or sac opening from a hollow organ
diverticulosis	intestinal condition characterized by the presence of diverticula in the colon that is typically symptomless but may be marked by symptoms (as bleeding or constipation)
diverticulitis	inflammation or infection of a diverticulum of the colon that is marked by abdominal pain or tenderness often accompanied by fever, chills, and cramping
defecation reflux	spinal reflux (sacral region) causes the walls of sigmoid colon & rectum to contract & anal sphincters to relax
ATP	chemical needed by all body cells to drive their many activities
kilocalories	the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degree Celsius that is equal to 1000 gram calories or 3.968 Btu
major nutrients are:	water, carbohydrates, lipids and protein
minor nutrients are:	vitamins & minerals
water accounts for % of the volume of food we eat	60%
MyPyramid separates food categories ______	vertically
carbohydrates include	sugar & starches
polysaccharide starches are	grains, legumes, & root vegetables
polysaccharide cellulose is not _______ by humans	digestible
lipids are considered	triglycerides or neutral fats
proteins are basically ____ ____ polymers	amino acid
essential amino acids are the ____ that we cannot product, rather we must take in through food	eight
vitamins as coenzymes	act with an enzyme to accomplish a particular type of catalysis
_____ is the major fuel used for making ATP in most body cells	glucose
cellular respiration	any of various energy-yielding oxidative reactions in living matter that typically involve transfer of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide and water as end products
Glycolosis	energizes each glucose molecule so that it can be split into two pyruvic acid molecules and yield a small amount of ATP
Krebs Cycle	produces almost all carbon dioxide & water that results during cell respiration; yielding a small amount of ATP by transferring high energy phosphate groups directly from phosphorylated to ADP
electron transport chain	metabolic pathway within the mitochondria in which energy is harvested from high-energy hydrogen atoms is used to male ATP; final delivery of H to molecular oxygen produces water
hyperglycemia	excessively high levels of glucose in the blood
hypoglycemia	blood glucose levels are too low
when the blood glucose levels are too high some is stored in liver/muscle cells as _____; if still too high excesses converted to ____	glycogen; fat
liver cells use some fat to make _____ for themselves	ATP
Liver also uses fat to synthesize _____, _____ & _______	lipoproteins, thromboplastin (clotting protein) & cholesterol
fats are also used to form _____ ____ of neurons	hyaline sheaths
stored fats are the body's most concentrated source of _____	energy
before being used for ATP synthesis fats must be broken down into ___ ____	acetic acid
acidosis	state of abnormally high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid
ketoacidosis	acidosis accompanied by ketosis
ketosis	abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the body in conditions of reduced or disturbed carbohydrate metabolism
ketoacidosis is common in those on a _________ diet, uncontrolled diabetes _______, and _____ where the body relies on stored fats to fuel energy processes.	no-carbohydrate; mellitus; starvation
______ make up the bulk of cellular structures	proteins
proteins are broken down into ____ ____	amino acids
body cells remove ____ ____ from the blood to build _____	amino acids; proteins
cells cannot build proteins unless all _____ amino acids are available	20
when proteins are overabundant, or fats & carbohydrates are not available, cells use ____ ____ to make ATP	amino acids
when amino acids are oxidized for energy their _____ group is removed as ammonia; the rest of the molecule enters the Krebs cycle.	amine
ammonia is ____ to body cells; especially ____ cells	toxic; nerve
the _____ combines the ammonia with carbon dioxide to form ____	liver; urea
urea	Main nitrogen-containing waste excreted in urine
the digestive function of the liver is to manufacture _____	bile
the process nearly every class of _____	nutrient
the liver's phagocyte cells remove & destroy _____ that has gotten through the walls of the digestive tract and into the ____	bacteria; blood
glycogen	main carbohydrate formed and stored in the liver; a polysaccharide
glycogenesis	"glycogen formation"