A & P Midterm (6)

Description:	1st 1/2 term mixed from chapters
Category:	Medical
Created by:	Linnette Francois on 2009-10-10

Question	Answer
right colic flexure (hepatic)	right-angle bend in the colon on the right side of the body near the liver that marks the junction of the ascending colon and the transverse colon
transverse colon	part of the large intestine that extends across the abdominal cavity joining the ascending colon to the descending colon
left colic flexure (splenic)	sharp bend of the colon under the spleen where the transverse colon joins the descending colon
descending colon	part of the large intestine on the left side that extends from the bend below the spleen to the sigmoid colon
sigmoid colon	s-shaped; contracted and crooked part of the colon immediately above the rectum
anus	posterior opening of the alimentary canal
anal canal ends at the ______	anus
external anal sphincter	voluntary outer sphincter of striated muscle extending from the coccyx to the central tendonous part of the perineum and surrounding the anus immediately beneath the skin
internal involuntary sphincter	involuntary inner sphincter formed by thickening of the circular smooth muscle of the rectum
due to most nutrients being absorbed before the large intestine there are no ____ present	villi
goblet cells	mucus-secreting epithelial cell which produces alkaline mucus (HCO3--rich)
the mucus produced by the goblet cells serves what purpose?	to lubricate the passage of feces
teniae coli "ribbons of the colon"	any of three external longitudinal muscle bands of the large intestine
haustra	one of the pouches or sacculations into which the large intestine is divided
masticate	chewing
by the age of 21 what have been formed?	2 sets of teeth
deciduous teeth	a baby tooth, or milk teeth; including four incisors, two canines, and four molars in each jaw which fall out during childhood and are replaced by the permanent teeth
we have a set of how many teeth by the time we are 2 years old?	20
permanent teeth	the second set of teeth that follow the milk teeth, typically persist into old age
permanent teeth include	and in humans are 32 in number including 4 incisors, 2 canines, and 10 premolars and molars in each jaw
wisdom teeth	third molar that is the last tooth to erupt on each side of the upper and lower jaw
when teeth remain imbedded in the jaw they are considered	impacted
impacted teeth are	wedged between the jawbone and another tooth
incisor	front tooth adapted for cutting; located between the canines with four in the lower and four in the upper jaw
canines	conical pointed tooth; one situated between the lateral incisor and the first premolar
premolars	one of two in each side of each jaw; bicuspid
molars	tooth with a rounded or flattened surface adapted for grinding; behind the incisors and canines sometimes including the premolars but more exactly restricted to the three posterior pairs in each human jaw on each side which are not preceded by milk teeth
crown	part of a tooth external to the gum
root	the part of a tooth within the socket
gingiva	tissue that surrounds the necks of teeth and covers the alveolar parts of the jaws
enamel	intensely hard calcareous substance that forms a thin layer partly covering the teeth; the hardest substance in the body
neck	part of a tooth between the crown and the root
cementum	specialized external bony layer covering the dentin of the part of a tooth normally within the gum
periodontal membrane (ligament)	fibrous connective-tissue layer covering the cementum of a tooth and holding it in place in the jawbone
dentin	calcareous material similar to bone but harder and denser that composes the principal mass of a tooth
pulp cavity	central cavity of a tooth containing the dental pulp and being made up of the root canal and the pulp chamber
pulp	highly vascular sensitive tissue occupying the central cavity of a tooth
the ____ supplies nutrients to the tooth tissues & tooth sensations.	pulp
root canal	part of the pulp cavity lying in the root of a tooth
salivary glands	any of various glands that discharge a fluid secretion and especially saliva into the mouth cavity
paratoid glands	salivary gland that is situated on each side of the face below and in front of the ear; largest of the salivary glands, is of pure serous type, and communicates with the mouth by the parotid duct
mumps	acute contagious virus disease caused by a paramyxovirus of the genus Rubulavirus (species Mumps virus) and marked by fever and by swelling especially of the parotid gland
submandibular gland	a salivary gland inside of and near the lower edge of the mandible on each side and discharging by Wharton's duct into the mouth under the tongue
saliva	mixture of mucus & serous fluids that is secreted into the mouth by salivary glands; used to lubricate ingested food, and often begins the breakdown of starches
bolus	soft mass of chewed food
salivary amylase	an enzyme; a bicarbonate-rich (alkaline) juice that begins the process of starch digestion in mouth
saliva contains _____ and _____, which inhibit bacteria	lysosomes & antibodies
pancreas	soft pink triangular gland that extends across the abdomen from the spleen to the duodenum
most of the pancreas lies posterior to the parietal peritoneum; its location it considered ________	retroperitoneal
the pancreas also has endocrine functions which include producing the hormones	insulin and glucagon
liver	largest gland in body; to the right side of the body under the diaphragm
falciform ligament	the liver is suspended from the diaphragm & abdominal wall by the mesentery cord
primary digestive function of the liver is to produce	bile
common hepatic duct	duct formed by the union of the hepatic and cystic ducts and opening into the duodenum, by which bile leaves the liver
bile duct	bile leaving the liver enters the duodenum through this
bile	yellow or greenish watery solution containing bile salts, bile pigments (bilirubin), cholesterol, phospholipids and variety of electrolytes
only ___ ___ & _________ aid in the digestive process, by the liver.	bile salts & phospholipids
bile does not contain ______ however, the bile salts it contains ______ fats by breaking down the fat globules into smaller ones	enzymes; emulsifies
gallbladder	thin walled, green, membranous muscular sac that is located in a shallow fossa inferior surface of the live; bile from the liver is stored
cystic duct	duct from the gallbladder that unites with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct
while in the gallbladder the _____ is removed from the bile by the gallbladder	water
gallstones form when bile is stored for too long or too much is removed; the cholesterol it contains may crystallize causing ______	gallstones
jaundice	yellowish pigmentation of the skin, tissues, and certain body fluids caused by the deposition of bile pigments into the blood
hepatitis	inflammation of the liver
cirrhosis	chronic inflammatory condition where liver becomes severely damaged; hard & fibrous
essential activities of the GI tract	ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption and defecation
ingestion	taking of material (as food) into the digestive system; active voluntary process
propulsion	foods in processed by more than one organ so it must be propelled from one to the next; i.e. swallowing depends on the propulsion from peristalsis; involuntary & involves waves of contraction/relaxation
segmentation	annular contraction of smooth muscle (as of the intestine) that seems to cut the part affected into segments; more an example of mechanical breakdown than propulsion
mechanical breakdown	mixing of food in mouth by tongue, churning of food in stomach and segmentation in sm intestine; prepares food for degradation by enzymes, segmenting into smaller particles
chemical digestion	sequence by which lrg food molecules broken down to their building blocks by enzymes
hydrolysis reactions	water molecule added to each bond to be broken
_____ is considered necessary to soften and dissolve foods	water
monosacharides	building blocks of carbohydrate foods
glucose, fructose & galactose are _____ _____ common in the human diet	simple sugars
glucose	is considered the most important, because of blood sugar levels
fructose is most abundant in _____ & _____	fruits & vegetables
galactose is found in _____	milk
the only carbohydrates that our digestive system break downs into simple sugars are ____, ____, ____ & ____	sucrose, lactose, maltose & starch
sucrose	table sugar
lactose	milk sugar
maltose	malt sugar
sucrose, maltose & lactose are considered _____	disaccharide
starch is a ______ because it consists of hundreds of _____ units.	polysaccharide; glucose
_______ polysaccharides do not provide any nutrients, and we do not digest them; however they aid in the ______ of food, in the form of fiber.	indigestible; movement
proteins are digested into _____ _____	amino acids
protein digestion has intermediate products of _______ & ______	poly peptides & peptides
when lipids are digested to their building blocks we get _____ & _____	fatty acid & glycerol
absorption	transport of digested end products from the lumen of the GI tract to the blood, or lymph
in order for absorption to occur the digested food must enter the mucosal cells by ___ or ____ transport	active; passive
what is the major site where absorption takes place?	small intestine
defecation	elimination of ingestible residues from the GI tract via the anus in the form of feces
only the mouth _____	ingests
only the large intestine ____	defecates
the digestive tract can be viewed as a	disassembly line
digestive activity is controlled by ______ via the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system	reflexes
the stretch of the organ due to food in the lumen, PH concentration of the blood & presence of certain breakdown products of digestion cause are considered _____ to the sensors in the alimentary canal	stimuli
when the receptors are activated they start reflexes that activate/inhibit	glands secrete juices into lumen, hormones secreted into the blood, smooth muscles propel food along the tract