A & P Midterm (5)

Description:	1st 1/2 term mixed from chapters
Category:	Medical
Created by:	Linnette Francois on 2009-10-10

Question	Answer
lanugo	soft downy hair that covers the fetus
vernix caseosa	pasty covering chiefly of dead cells and sebaceous secretions that protects the skin of the fetus
milia	small pearly firm non-inflammatory elevation of the skin (as of the face) due to retention of keratin in oil gland ducts blocked by a thin layer of epithelium
alopecia	hair loss
male-pattern baldness	androgenetic alopecia in the male characterized by loss of hair on the crown and temples
bald men actually have ______ which are colorless & tiny	hair
vellus	wool hairs
gray hair is caused by a ______ _______ gene	delayed action
what are the two main groups of the digestive system?	alimentary canal & accessory canal
gastrointestinal tract (GI)alimentary canal	continuous hollow tube extending from the mouth to the anus; walls are constructed by the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines
food material within the GI tract is technically ________ of the body.	outside; this is because its only contact is with the cells lining the tract and the tube is open to the outside at both ends.
mouth is also called the _____ _____	oral cavity
mouth	natural opening through which food passes into the body; mucous membrane lines the oral cavity
lips	either of the two fleshy folds which surround the opening of the mouth, protects the anterior opening; also called labia
cheeks	fleshy sides of oral cavity; forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity
hard palate	bony anterior part of the palate forming the roof of the mouth
soft palate	membranous and muscular fold suspended from the posterior margin of the hard palate and partially separating the mouth cavity from the pharynx
uvula	pendent fleshy lobe in the middle of the posterior border of the soft palate
vestibule	the space between lips and cheeks, externally, and the teeth and gums internally
oral cavity proper	the area of the oral cavity contained by the teeth
tongue	floor of mouth attached basally to hyoid bone, consisting of a mass of muscle; an epithelial covering rich in sensory end organs and small glands; bony attachments: hyoid bone & sytloid processes of skull
"tongue-tied"	children born with short lingual frenulum; congenital condition corrected by surgery
palatine tonsils	paired masses of lymphatic tissue at the posterior end of the oral cavity
lingual tonsils	covers the base of the tongue and just beyond
tonsils are considered part of the ______ _____ _____ because they are lymphatic tissue	body's defense system
masticated	to grind, crush, and chew food with the teeth, while mixing with saliva, in preparation for swallowing
papillae	any of the small protuberances on the upper surface of the tongue; taste buds
oropharynx	part of the pharynx that is below the soft palate and above the epiglottis and is continuous with the mouth
laryngopharynx	lower part of the pharynx lying behind or adjacent to the larynx
nasopharynx	upper part of the pharynx continuous with the nasal passages
the walls of the pharynx consist of 2 layers of _______ muscles	skeletal
the inner layer of the muscles of the pharynx runs ______	longitudinally
the outer layer of the muscles of the pharynx run in a ______ ______ around the inner wall	circular pattern
the outer layer of the muscles of the pharynx are considered the ________ muscles, due to the pattern in which they line the inner wall	constrictor
peristalsis	waves of involuntary contractions which pass along the walls of the esophagus' muscular structure, forcing the contents onward
peristalsis is considered the ________ mechanism	propelling
another word for the esophagus is the ______	gullet
esophagus	passageway that conducts food from the pharynx, through the diaphragm, and into the stomach by way of peristalsis
walls of the alimentary canal are made up of ____ basic tissue layers/tunics.	four
mucosa	inner most layer that lines the cavity
lumen	cavity of a tubular organ
mucosa consists of a ______ epithelium, a small amount of _______ _______, and a meager ______ muscle layer	surface; connective tissue (specifically lumina propria); smooth
lumina propria	highly vascular layer of connective tissue under the basement membrane lining a layer of epithelium
submucosa	supporting layer of loose connective tissue directly under a mucous membrane; lies just under mucosa
the submucosa contains:	blood vessels, nerve endings, lymph nodules and lymphatic vessels
muscularis externa	outer layer of smooth muscle surrounding a hollow or tubular organ
circular layer of the muscularis externa is found on the ______ layer	inner
longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa is found on the ______ layer	outer
serosa	outermost layer of the wall, enclosing the membrane
visceral peritoneum	single layer of flat serous fluid-producing cells; the part of the peritoneum which lines the abdominal viscera
parietal peritoneum	the slick & slipper part of the peritoneum which lines the abdominal wall
the visceral & parietal peritoneum are _______	continuous (being in immediate connection or spatial relationship)
mesentery	consist of a double fold of the peritoneum; it envelops, or cover completely, the intestines and their appendages; connecting them with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity
peritonitis	inflammation of the peritoneum
the peritoneal membranes tend to stick together around the infection site, during a peritonitis; this helps to ____ ____ and _____ infections to allow time for the immune system to tack action.	seal off; localize
intrinsic nerve plexuses of the alimentary canal are ________ & ________	submucosal nerve plexus & myenteric nerve plexus
the nerve plexuses of the alimentary canal are networks of nerve fibers which are actually part of the ______________; they help regulate mobility & secretory activities in GI tract	autonomic nerve system
stomach	c-shaped on left side of abdominal cavity, behind the liver & diaphragm
cardiac region	region of stomach near the heart, surrounding the cardioesophageal sphincter
cardioesophageal sphincter	thickened muscular ring surrounding the opening between the esophagus and the stomach
fundus	greater curvature of the stomach; lateral to cardiac region
pyloric sphincter	circular fold of mucous membrane containing a ring of circularly disposed muscle fibers that closes the pylorus
pylorus	opening from stomach to small intestine
rugae	anatomical fold or wrinkle; rugae means wrinkle, fold
greater curvature	boundary of the stomach that forms a long usually convex curve on the left from the opening for the esophagus to the opening into the duodenum
lesser curvature	boundary of the stomach that in humans forms a relatively short concave curve on the right from the opening for the esophagus to the opening into the duodenum
lesser omentum	part of the peritoneum attached to the liver & the lesser curvature of the stomach; also supports the hepatic vessels
greater omentum	part of the peritoneum attached to the greater curvature of the stomach & to the colon; hangs down over the small intestine
the greater omentum is riddled with fat, which provides for ____, ____ & _____ to the abdominal organs; it also has large collections of lymph nodules containing ________ and _______ of the immune system	insulation, protection & cushion; macrophages & defensive cells
the stomach is considered a ______ ______ _______	temporary storage tank
the stomach contains a 3rd muscle layer of ______ _____ which allows for churning/mixing of the food	muscularis externa
chemical breakdown of ______ begins in the stomach	proteins
mucosa of the stomach is _________ ________ epithelium	simple columnar
the mucous cells of the stomach produce a bicarbonate-rich alkaline mucus which protects it from being damaged by ___ and digested by _____	acid; enzymes
gastric pits	numerous depressions in the mucous membrane lining the stomach into which the gastric glands discharge their secretions
gastric juice	thin watery acid digestive fluid secreted by the glands in the mucous membrane of the stomach and containing 0.2 to 0.4 percent free hydrochloric acid and several enzymes (as pepsin)
intrinsic factor	substance produced by the normal gastrointestinal mucosa that facilitates absorption of vitamin B12
chief cells	small cell with granular cytoplasm that secretes pepsin
pepsinogens	granular zymogene of the gastric glands that is readily converted into pepsin in a slightly acid medium
parietal cells	large oval cells of the gastric mucous membrane that secrete hydrochloric acid and lie between the chief cells and the basement membrane
mucous neck cells	mucous cell in the neck of a gastric gland
enteroendocrine cells	produce local hormones important to digestive activities of the stomach
gastrin	any of various polypeptide hormones that are secreted by the gastric mucosa and induce secretion of gastric juice
chyme	semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum
small intestine	part of the intestine that lies between the stomach and colon, consists of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, secretes digestive enzymes, and is the chief site of the absorption of digested nutrients
pyloric sphincter to the large intestine is considered the ________ section of the alimentary tube; average 8 to 20 feet.	longest
large intestine	wider and shorter than the small intestine; divided into cecum, colon, and rectum; concerned with resorption of water and the formation of feces
what are the three subdivisions of the small intestine, in order?	duodenum, jejunum & ileum
ileocecal valve	joins the large & small intestines
chemical digestion of food begins in the	small intestine
pancreatic ducts	chief duct of the pancreas that runs from left to right through the body of the gland, passes out its neck, and empties into the duodenum either through an opening shared with the common bile duct or through one close to it
bile from the liver enters the duodenum through the	bile duct
hepatopancreatic ampulla	where the main pancreatic & bile ducts meet at the duodenum forming a "liver-pancreatic enlargement"
appendix is also called a	"vermiform" resembling a worm in shape
appendicitis	inflammation of the appendix due to bacteria accumulation & infection
ascending colon	part of the large intestine that extends from the cecum to the bend on the right side below the liver