| Question |
Answer |
| stratum granulosum |
layer of granular non-dividing cells lying immediately above the stratum basale in most parts of the epidermis |
| stratum lucidum |
thin somewhat translucent layer of cells lying superficial to the stratum granulosum and under the stratum corneum; especially in thickened parts of the epidermis (as of the palms or the soles of the feet) |
| stratum corneum |
outer more or less horny part of the epidermis consisting chiefly of layers of dead flattened nonnucleated cells filled with keratin |
| keratinocytes |
epidermal cell that produces keratin |
| melanin |
Dark pigment formed by cells called melanocytes; imparts color to skin and hair. |
| melanocytes |
A cell that produces melanin; found chiefly in the stratum basale |
| melanosomes |
melanin-producing granule in a melanocyte |
| dermis |
Layer of skin deep to the epidermis; composed of dense irregular tissue. |
| papillary layer |
superficial layer of the dermis raised into papillae that fit into corresponding depressions on the inner surface of the epidermis |
| reticular layer |
deeper layer of the dermis formed of interlacing fasciculi of white fibrous tissue |
| fasciculi |
slender bundle of nervous fibers |
| dermal papillae |
any of the vascular protuberances of the dermal layer of the skin extending into the epidermal layer and often containing tactile corpuscles |
| tactile corpuscles |
one of the numerous minute bodies (as a Meissner's corpuscle) in the skin and some mucous membranes that usually consist of a group of cells enclosed in a capsule, contain nerve terminations, and are held to be end organs of touch |
| pain receptors |
free nerve endings |
| papillary patterns are |
genetically predetermined |
| Pacinian corpuscle |
pressure-sensitive mechanoreceptor that is an oval capsule terminating some sensory nerve fibers |
| collagen fibers |
insoluble fibrous protein that is the chief constituent of the fibrils of connective tissue (as in skin and tendons) |
| elastic fibers |
thick very elastic smooth yellowish anastomosing fiber of connective tissue that contains elastin |
| decubitus ulcer |
an ulceration of tissue deprived of adequate blood supply by prolonged pressure; also called a bed sore |
| three pigments contribute to skin color |
amount/kind of melanin, amount of carotene, amount of oxygen-rich hemoglobin in dermal blood vessels |
| carotene |
any of several orange or red crystalline hydrocarbon pigments (as C40H56) that occur in the chromoplasts of plants and in the fatty tissues of plant-eating animals and are convertible to vitamin A |
| cyanosis |
bluish or purplish discoloration (as of skin) due to deficient oxygenation of the blood |
| erythema |
redness of the skin |
| blushing, fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy are all signs of |
erythema |
| blanching |
can signify anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to area |
| jaundice |
yellowish pigmentation of the skin can signify liver disorder where excess bile pigments are circulated throughout body and deposited into tissue |
| bruises |
hematomas |
| vitamin C deficiency |
possibly bruising easily |
| Skin appendages include |
cutaneous glands, hair/hair follicles & nails |
| all cutaneous glands are |
exocrine glands |
| exocrine glands |
Glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a particular site. |
| exocrine glands fall into (2) groups which are |
sweat & sebaceous glands |
| exocrine glands are formed by the ________ _________ but they push into the deeper skin regions; ending up residing in thee _______ |
stratum basale; dermis |
| sebaceous glands |
Epidermal glands that produce an oily secretion called sebum. |
| sebaceous glands are found all over the skin, except for (2) areas |
soles of feet & palms of the hand |
| sebum contains a chemical that |
kills bacteria |
| acne is considered an infection of the |
sebaceous gland |
| sweat glands are also called |
sudoriferous glands |
| two types of sweat glands are |
eccrine & apocrine |
| apocrine glands |
The less numerous type of sweat gland; produces a secretion containing water, salts, proteins, and fatty acids. |
| eccrine gland |
any of the rather small sweat glands that produce a fluid secretion without removing cytoplasm from the secreting cells |
| sweat |
mostly water but contains some salt, Vitamin C, trace metabolic wastes & lactic acid |
| which type of sweat gland is more numerous |
eccrine |
| pore |
minute opening one by which matter passes through a membrane |
| pore on the face are not sweat glands but rather |
external outlets of hair follicles |
| eccrine glands are an important part of the |
body's heat regulating system |
| apocrine glands are confined to the |
axillary & genital regions |
| apocrine gland secretions contain ________ |
fatty acids/proteins and eccrine secretions |
| apocrine glands start to function during |
puberty |
| androgens |
male sex hormone (as testosterone) |
| hair |
slender threadlike outgrowth of the epidermis |
| hair follicle |
tubular epithelial sheath that surrounds the lower part of the hair shaft and encloses at the bottom a vascular papilla supplying the growing basal part of the hair with nourishment |
| root |
the enlarged basal part of a hair within the hair follicle |
| shaft |
part of a hair projecting beyond the skin |
| hair is formed when well nourished stratum basale epithelial cells divide in the |
matrix of the hair bulb |
| the majority of the hair shaft is ____ material & almost entirely ______ |
dead; protein |
| matrix |
growth zone |
| medulla |
Central core of the hair |
| cortex |
Outer surface layer of the hair |
| cuticle |
outermost membranous layer of a hair consisting of keratinized epithelial cells |
| hair pigment is made of _______ in the hair bulb. and varying types of _____ |
melanocytes; melanin |
| oval hair shaft = |
hair is smooth & silky; wavy hair |
| flat/ribbon-like hair shaft = |
hair is curly/kinky |
| perfectly round hair shaft = |
hair is straight & coarse |
| what account for development of hair |
hormones |
| inner epidermal sheath of hair is composed of |
epithelial tissue |
| outer dermal sheath of the hair is |
connective tissue |
| dermal region of the hair supplies_____ _____ to the epidermal portion |
blood vessels |
| papilla |
Small, nipple like projection |
| papilla provides the blood supply to the matrix in the hair |
bulb |
| arrector pili |
Tiny, smooth muscles attached to hair follicles; cause the hair to stand upright when activated; "goose bumps" |
| nail |
horny sheath of thickened and condensed epithelial stratum lucidum that grows out from a vascular matrix of dermis and protects the upper surface of the end of each finger and toe |
| free edge, body & root are all parts of the |
nail |
| nail folds |
the fold of the dermis at the margin of a fingernail or toenail |
| cuticle |
thick proximal nail fold |
| nail bed |
vascular epidermis upon which most of the fingernail or toenail rests that has a longitudinally ridged surface often visible through the nail |
| nail matrix |
thickened epithelium at the base of a fingernail or toenail from which new nail substance develops |
| nails become heavily _______ and are mostly ______ material |
keratinized; non-living |
| lunula |
the whitish half-moon mark at the base of a fingernail |
| when the supply of oxygen in the body is low the nail beds take on a _______ cast. |
cyanotic (blue) |
| most common skin disorders result from |
allergies/bacterial, viral or fungal infections |
| tinea pedis |
fungal infection of skin between the toes; athletes foot |
| boils |
inflammation of the skin resulting from usually bacterial infection of a hair follicle and adjacent tissue, having a hard central core, and forming pus |
| carbuncles |
composite boils typically bacterial infection such as staphylococcus aureus |
| cold sores |
herpes simplex infection; located in cutaneous nerve & dormant until trigger; usually occur around lips/oral mucosa |
| contact dermatitis |
inflammation of the skin from exposure to chemicals, that provoke an allergic response in those sensitive |
| impetigo |
acute contagious staphylococcal or streptococcal skin disease characterized by vesicles, pustules, and yellowish crust; common in elem. aged kids |
| psoriasis |
chronic skin disease characterized by circumscribed red patches covered with white scales; believed auto immune disorder |
| burn |
tissue damage & cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, UV radiation or chemicals |
| circulatory shock |
bad blood circulation from low blood volume |
| rules of nines |
body divided into 11 areas account for 9% of total body surface; additional area in genital region 1% of surface area |
| burned skin is only sterile for |
24 hours |
| Once severely burned our immune system becomes depressed within |
2 days |
| 1st degree burn |
only epidermis is damaged |
| 2nd degree burn |
epidermis & upper layer region of dermis damaged |
| 3rd degree burn |
entire thickness of skin damaged; also called full-thickness burns |
| the least painful type of burn is a _______ because the nerve endings are destroyed |
3rd degree |
| burns are considered critical if |
25% of body 2nd degree burn; over 10% body 3rd degree burns; 3rd degree burns on face/hands/feet. |
| facial burns are so dangerous because it is possible of burns in the ________________ causing suffocation |
respiratory passages |
| basal-cell carcinoma |
innermost cells of the deeper epidermis are altered |
| can no longer form keratin, invade dermis/subcutaneous tissue; relatively slow growing |
basal-cell carcinoma |
| squamous-cell carcinoma |
carcinoma arising from squamous cells, in the stratum spinosum; metastasizes very quickly; sun induced |
| malignant melanoma |
tumor of high malignancy that starts in melanocytes of normal skin or moles and metastasizes rapidly and widely; account for about 5% of skin cancers |
| ABCD rule for recognizing melanoma |
Asymmetry; border irregularity; color; diameter |
| E rule for recognizing melanoma |
elevation above the skin surface |
Linnette Francois
on 2009-10-10
Buen Viaje lv.2 ch 8
