| Question |
Answer |
| bone or osseous tissue |
composed of bones cells sitting in cavities called lacunae and surrounded by layers of very hard matrix. |
| Bone contains |
calcium & salts in addition to large numbers of collagen fibers |
| cartilage |
White, semiopaque connective tissue. |
| hyaline cartilage |
contains a numbers of collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix which is glassy/transparent/blue-white in color. |
| Examples of hyaline cartilage |
larynx, attach rib to breastbone & covers ends of the bones where joints form. |
| fibrocartilage |
highly compressible; forming disks between vertebrae of spinal column |
| elastic cartilage |
supports external ear, where a structure with elasticity is desired. |
| dense connective tissue, also called dense fibrous tissue |
has collagen fibers as its main matrix element; forms strong rope like structures; tendons/ligaments |
| tendons |
attach skeletal muscle to bone |
| ligaments |
connect bone to bone at joints |
| dense connective tissue also makes up the lower layers of the ______, where it is arranged in sheets. |
skin (dermis) |
| loose connective tissues |
soft/have more cells & fewer fibers than other connective tissues; excluding blood. |
| areolar tissue |
soft, pliable, cob-web like tissue providing cushion & protect to the organs it wraps; also helps organs hold together (glue) in their proper positions |
| what is the most abundant connective tissue in the body? |
areolar tissue |
| areola |
small open space |
| this connective tissue provides a reserve of water/salts for surrounding tissues; all body tissues get their nutrients from & release waste into the fluid found in the small open spaces of which connective tissue? |
areola tissue |
| edema |
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in body parts or tissues; causes swelling. Areola tissue serves as sponge for this condition |
| adipose tissue |
commonly called fat; it is areolar tissue where the fats cells predominate |
| sometimes called signet ring cells |
adipose tissue |
| what are the main functions of adipose tissue? |
insulates & protects from bumps, along with temperature extremes |
| reticular connective tissue |
delicate interwoven reticular fibers; associated with reticular cells which resemble fibroblasts; limited to certain sites |
| stroma |
internal framework which can support many free blood cells in lymphoid organs |
| the lymphoid organs include: |
lymph nodes, spleen & bone marrow |
| what is another name for blood? |
vascular tissue |
| blood |
consists of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving matrix |
| blood plasma |
pale yellow fluid portion of whole blood that consists of water and its dissolved nonliving matrix surrounding blood; consists of proteins, electrolytes, sugars, lipids, metabolic waste products, amino acids, hormones, and vitamins |
| fibers of blood are soluble protein molecules that only become visible during the process of _________ |
clotting |
| muscle tissues |
highly specialized to contract, or shorten, in order to produce movement. |
| skeletal muscle |
Muscle composed of cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations; the muscle(s) attached to the body's skeleton; voluntary muscle. |
| cardiac muscle |
Specialized muscle of the heart. |
| intercalated disks |
junctions where cardiac cells fit tightly together |
| We cannot consciously control the activity, which is considered_________ ___________. |
involuntary control |
| smooth/visceral muscle |
Spindle shaped cells with one centrally located nucleus and no externally visible striations (bands). Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs. |
| Examples of organs where smooth muscle is found on the walls, include: |
stomach, uterus and blood vessels |
| peristalsis |
Progressive, wavelike contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube organs (or that move other substances through other hollow body organs). |
| nervous tissue (neurons) |
receive & conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another |
| major functional characteristics of nervous tissue |
irritability & conductivity |
| A neuron's cytoplasm is drawn out into long processes as long as |
3 feet |
| supporting cells of nervous tissue |
insulate, support and protect |
| when tissue is injured it stimulates |
inflammatory & immune responses of the body |
| inflammation |
A nonspecific defensive response of the body to tissue injury; includes dilation of blood vessels and an increase in vessel permeability; indicated by redness, heat, swelling, and pain. |
| regeneration |
the renewal, regrowth, or restoration of a body or a bodily part, tissue, or substance after injury or as a normal bodily process |
| fibrosis |
repair by dense fibrous connective tissue |
| formation of scar tissue |
fibrosis |
| series of events set into motion by tissue injury |
capillaries become permeable, granulation tissue forms, surface epithelium regenerates |
| When capillaries become permeable, in response to injury, the process of ________ starts; forming a _____ when the clot is exposed to air |
clotting; scab |
| granulation tissue |
tissue made up of a delicate pink tissue composed largely of new capillaries that grow into the damaged area from undamaged blood vessels nearby; temporarily replaces lost tissue in a wound |
| Granulation tissue also contains ________ which dispose of the blood clot and connective tissue cells (______) that synthesize the building blocks of _______ fibers (scar tissue) to permanently bridge gap |
phagocytes; fibroblasts |
| scar tissue is strong but it is not able to |
perform the normal functions of the tissue it replaces |
| amiotic tissues |
tissue severely handicapped by injury because the lost cell cannot be replaced by the same type of cell |
| example of cells that will become amitotic once injury occurs |
cardiac cells/heart |
| neoplasm |
new growth of tissue serving no physiological function; may be benign/malignant |
| hyperplasia |
abnormal or unusual increase in the elements composing a part (as cells composing a tissue) |
| atrophy |
Reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use. |
| four elements composing a cell, in addition to many trace elements: |
carbon, oxygen hydrogen & nitrogen |
| Major building material of a cell |
protein |
| all cells exhibit: |
irritability, digest foods, excrete wastes, reproduce, grow, move & metabolize |
| passive transport process in a cell include |
diffusion & filtration |
| active transport and vesicular transport use ____ ______ provided by the cell |
ATP energy |
| body membranes |
line body cavities, cover surfaces & form protective sheets around organs |
| epithelial membrane include |
cutaneous, mucous & serous membranes |
| connective tissue membranes include |
synovial membranes |
| epithelial membranes are also called |
covering, or living membranes |
| epithelial membranes are a mixture of an epithelial sheet and an underlying layer of |
connective tissue |
| cutaneous membranes are composed of |
keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium |
| this membrane is exposed to the air, making it unlike the other epithelial membranes |
cutaneous membrane |
| mucous membrane |
composed of epithelium on top of loose connective tissue membrane |
| loose connective tissue membrane, which epithelium lays on top, as part of the mucous membrane |
lamina propria |
| mucosa refers to ______, not make cellular make up of the membranes |
location |
| mucous membranes are mostly adapted for |
adsorption or secretion |
| mucous membrane in urinary tract does not secrete _______; like that of the respiratory & digestive tracts |
mucus |
| Serous membranes have a layer of _____ _____ _____ resting on a thin layer of _______ connective tissue. |
simple squamous epithelium; areolar |
| These membranes line cavities closed to the exterior, with exception of the dorsal body cavity & joint cavities. |
Serous Membranes |
| Serous membranes occur in |
pairs |
| parietal layer attach to |
the walls of a part or cavity |
| visceral covers |
the outside of the organs within a cavity |
| serous fluid |
thin, clear fluid, located in the tiny spaces between serous layers |
| peritoneum |
smooth transparent serous membrane that lines the cavity of the abdomen; folded inward over the abdominal and pelvic viscera, and consists of an outer layer closely adherent to the walls of the abdomen and an inner layer that folds to invest the viscera |
| pleura |
one lateral half of thorax, has inner visceral layer adherent to corresponding lung, reflected at root of lung to form parietal layer adhering to the walls of thorax, pericardium, upper surface of diaphragm, & adjacent parts |
| contains small amount of serous fluid minimizing the friction of respiratory movements |
pleura |
| pericardium |
conical sac of serous membrane that encloses the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels of vertebrates |
| skin derivatives |
sweat/oil glands, hair & nails |
| integument |
covering |
| integumentary functions |
protection, insulation & cushion deep body organs |
| keratin |
any of various sulfur-containing fibrous proteins that form the chemical basis of horny epidermal tissues (as hair and nails) and are typically not digested by enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract |
| Modified cholesterol molecules located in the skin are converted to ____________ by sunlight |
Vitamin D |
| cutaneous sensor receptors include |
pain, touch, pressure, temperature |
| epidermis is made up of |
stratified squamous epithelium |
| epidermis epithelium is capable of |
keratinizing |
| dermis consists of mostly |
dense connective tissue |
| subcutaneous tissue consisting of mostly adipose tissue |
hypodermis |
| functions of the hypodermis include |
insulating, anchoring skin to underlying organs and shock absorber |
| strata |
means bed sheets; five layers of that make up epidermis |
| avascular |
having few or no blood vessels |
| stratum basale |
basal layer of the epidermis consisting of a single row of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells that continually divide and replace the rest of the epidermis as it wears away |
| stratum spinosum |
layers of prickle cells over the layer of the stratum basale capable of undergoing mitosis |
| malpighian layer |
the deepest part of the epidermis that consists of the stratum basale and stratum spinosum and is the site of mitotic activity |
Linnette Francois
on 2009-10-09
Beef Production
