| Question |
Answer |
| What are the early primary follicles? |
at the beginning, one layer of cells around the egg (granulosa cells) |
| Is the hypothalamus controlling regulation in the early primary follicle? |
no |
| What differentiates a late primary follicle from an early primary follicle? |
additional layers of cells |
| What do the theca cells do? |
produce androgen |
| What hormone controls production of androgen in theca cells? |
LH |
| What do granulosa cells do? |
convert testosterone to estrogen |
| What is required to convert testosterone to estrogen? |
aromatase |
| What hormone works on granulosa cells? |
FSH |
| What is the first layer of cells around the egg? |
granulosa cells |
| What is the second layer of cells around the egg? |
theca cells |
| When does a female have the highest number of oocytes? |
before birth |
| How many oocytes does a female have at birth? |
20 million |
| How many oocytes does a female have at puberty? |
400-500 ova |
| At what point in the cell cycle are oocytes arrested? |
meiosis - remain dormant until adulthood |
| What is menopause? |
when female runs out of eggs |
| What is atresia? |
apoptosis of eggs, eggs degenerate and are reabsorbed by the ovary |
| What happen to the oocyte at ovulation? |
first meiotic division |
| What part of the cell cycle occurs at fertilization? |
second meiotic division |
| What signal do estrogen and progesterone have on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary? |
inhibitory |
| How is early primary follicle growing? |
GD9 |
| What is early primary follicle producing? |
estrogen |
| What happens to granulosa cells as follicle grows? |
granulosa cells increase |
| What type of feedback is FSH? |
positive feedback - making cell sensitive to FSH |
| What other type of receptors are growing on follicle as it grows? |
LH |
| What is the graffian follicle? |
the chosen ovum to be ovulated |
| What does the ovum leave when it is ovulated? |
granulosa cells |
| What do the leftover granulose cells secrete? |
progesterone and estrogen |
| What is the mid-cycle spike? |
surge of LH and FSH |
| How many hours from the surge of LH and FSH does ovulation occur? |
36 hours |
| What does the leftover follicle turn into after ovulation? |
corpus luteum |
| What does the corpus luteum secrete? |
progesterone and estrogen |
| What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle? |
follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase |
| How does the circulating estrogen affect the uterus? |
causes proliferation of the glands of the uterus |
| What do the glands secrete in the uterus? |
glycogen |
| What causes the uterus to grow? |
estrogen |
| What causes the secretory phase in the uterus? |
progesterone |
| What causes the proliferation phase in the uterus? |
estrogen |
| What is the fertilized egg looking for in the endometrium of the uterus? |
glycogen, it digs into the lining of the uterus |
| What do you lose in menses? |
lining of the uterus |
| What hormone is secreted if fertilization occurs? |
HCG |
| What does estrogen cause? |
expression of the estrogen receptor in the uterus and the breast, as well as progesterone receptors in both tissues |
| What can unopposed estrogen cause? |
cancer |
| What is important in oral contraception? |
progesterone - so, pill is estrogen/progesterone |
| Would you ever give unopposed estrogen in a fertile female? |
no |
| What does progesterone do? |
inhibits the expression of estrogen receptors |
| What is the negative feedback for estrogen? |
progesterone |
| How do estrogen and progesterone work? |
steroid hormone - changing transcription within the cells - effect number of receptors |
| What is tamoxifen? |
anti-estrogen receptor |
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