| Question |
Answer |
| COPD |
Group of respiratory diseases;Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma. |
| Asthma |
Bronchospasm, Chronic Inflammatory Disorder of Airways causing wheezes, restless. |
| Asthma Treatment Drugs. |
Albuterol 2.5mg in 3mL,Epi .3-.5mg 1:1000,Solu Medryl 125mg per IV,Atrovent 500mcg in 2.5mL. Peds Epi .01mg/kg max .5mg |
| Chronic Bronchitis |
Blue Bloaters, Productive cough present for at least 3 months per year for at least 2 years. Inflamation of lining of Bronchi w/smooth muscle constriction and mucus production. |
| Emphysema |
Disease process involving dialation of air spaces that results in destruction of lung tissue. |
| Acid Base Balance |
Bodys attempts to maintain a pH of 7.35-7.45. |
| Differentials for difficulty breathing |
Pneumonia, PE , Spontaneous Pneumothorax |
| Pneumonia |
Infection of the lower airway caused by a virus, bacteria,fungi or parasite. |
| Hemiplegia |
Paralysis that involves one arm and one leg on the same side of the body. |
| CNS |
Brain & Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System (Caranial and Spinal Nerves) |
| ANS |
Part of the Peripheral Nervous System, (Involuntary System) Sympathetic & Parasympathetic. |
| 3 Systoms to maintain Acid Base |
Chemical Buffer, Respiratory, Renal, |
| Acid Base Parameters |
pH 7.35-7.45 , pCO2 35-45 , p02 80-100mmHG , HCO3 22-26. |
| Caranial Nerves 1,7,10 |
1)Olfactory,Sensory,Nose receptor for smell. 2)Optic,Sensory,Connects eyes to brain.7)Facial,Mixed,Taste,facial expressions,tears.10 Vagus,Mixed,speech,swallowing,heart and smooth muscles |
| Spinal Nerves |
31 total. 8 Cervical,12 Thoracic,5 Lumbar,5 Saccral,1 coccygeal |
| Neuron |
Nerve cell, functional unit of the nervous system |
| Neuron Types |
Cell Body-Where Metabolic process takes place, Dendrites-Projections that carry electrical signals toward the cell body, Axons-Carry electrical signals away from cell body to axon terminals. |
| Meninges |
Protective layer that surround brain and spinal cord. Dura Matter = Outer Layer. Arachnoid Matter. Pia Matter = Innermost layer. |
| Alpha 1 & 2 receptors |
Sympathetic,Skin. A1=Arteries, A2=Veins |
| Beta 1 & 2 |
Sympathetic. B1=Heart,Increase chronotrophy,contractility,automacity,conduction. B2=Lungs,Tracheal and Bronchial Dialation. |
| Major Arteries of the Brain |
Anterior,Left Middle,Right Middle. |
| Types of Stroke |
Hemorrhagic=Bleeding withing the brain. Ischemic=Caused by blood clot to the brain. |
| TIA |
Transient Ischemia Attack. Patient exhibits neurologic signs and symptoms of CVA that last less than 24 hours. |
| Cinicinnati Stroke Scale |
Assess three physical findings. Facial droop,arm weakness or drift, and speech abnormalities. |
| Seizure |
Temporary disruption in normal neuronal activity. |
| Classifications of Seizures |
Generalized = Tonic-Clonic(grand mal), Absence(petit mal), Tonic,Atonic, Clonic and myoclonic, Infantile spasms. Partial = Simple, Complex, and Partial with secondary generation. |
| Absence Seizures |
Childhood epilepsy and characterized by a loss of interaction,staring off into space, with no memory of event. Patient may smack lips, blink eyes, or other repetitive action. |
| Grand Mal Seizures |
Tonic-clonic, most common in the adult with generalized seizures.1)Aura(sight or smell),2)Tonic(15 to 30 seconds,LOC,apneic,muscle rigidity),3)Tonic-clonic(2 minutes, violent shaking),4)Postictal(confused,may last up to 30 minutes) |
| Status Epilepticus |
Continuous seizure that lasts longer than five minutes or when two or more occur with no intervening perid of consciousness. |
| Infection of the brain |
Encephalitis. |
| AEIOUTIPS |
Causes of Coma |
| AEIOUTIPS. A |
Acidosis and Alcohol |
| AEIOUTIPS. E |
Epilepsy |
| AEIOUTIPS. I |
Infection |
| AEIOUTIPS. O |
Overdose |
| AEIOUTIPS. U |
Uremia. (Kidney Failure) |
| AEIOUTIPS. T |
Trauma. Toxins. Tumor. |
| AEIOUTIPS. I |
Insulin. Hypo or Hyper |
| AEIOUTIPS. P |
Psychosis or Poisoning |
| AEIOUTIPS. S |
Stroke. Seizure. Sepsis |
| Cushings Triad |
Rising ICP when brain is injured. Hypertension, Bradycardia and Irregular Respirations. |
| Bacteria vs Virus. Virus |
Virus,one function to replicate itself,unable to reproduce without host cell,not fully alive. |
| Bacteria vs Virus. Bacteria |
Bacteria, capable of reproducing without host cell, cause disease by direct infection of cells or relase of toxins that destroy cells. |
| Fungi vs Parasite. Fungi |
Multicelled organisms with capsules that protect them from hosts immune system. |
| Fungi vs Parasite. Parasite |
Animals that infect a host. |
| Cold Sores |
Herpes Simplex 1. Virus |
| Syphilis |
Bacteria,fluids or skin lesions,painless ulceration of the genitals called a chancre. |
| Gonorrhea |
Bacteria, Burning sensation with a greenish discharge |
| Chlamydia |
Bacteria,sex, clothing, towels or high fives. |
| Respiratory Infections |
Pneumonia, Bronchitits,Croup,RSV,TB, |
| Chicken Pox |
Varicella,Herpes,Rash of small collections of fluid or pus. If reactivates causes Zoster or shingles. |
| Mumps |
Virus, Swelling of parotid glands in the cheeks. |
| Measles |
Rubeola,Virus,Begins with fever that increases over two days to 103 or 105. Red bumpy rash begins at hairline spreads down the trunk. |
| Small Pox |
Variola virus, Lesions are found all over the body, and are in the same stage of development. Terroist threat, Infectious disease that has killed more people than any other disease. |
| Anaphylaxis |
Systemic reaction, causing airway swelling or massive vasodilation and hypotensioin. Most severe. |
| What cells make antibodies. |
Made by B cells in bone marrow. |
| Immunoglobulins |
"Imaged" IgM,IgA,IgG,IgE,IgE |
| Antibody vs Antigen. Antigen |
unknown substance to the body that may trigger an immune system |
| Antibody vs Antigen. Antibody |
substance produced by the body to attack antigens. |
| Allergy type of Antibody Ig? |
IgE. |
| Histamine. |
Substance causing dilation of blood vessels,edema,bronchospasm,mucus production and smooth muscle contraction. Released of an allergic reaction from the white blood cells. |
| Hives |
Urticardia |
| Treatment for Allergic Reaction |
Epi 1:1000 .3-.5mg SC, Benadryl 25-50mg IV, Albuterol 2.5mg in 3mL SVN, Atrovent , Solumedryl 125mg IV. |
| Hormones |
Produced by Hypothalmus and Pituitary Glands. |
| Pituitary Gland |
"Master Gland" located at the base of the brain beneath the hypothalamus. Release of thyroid hormones that maintain BP,HR,digestion and muscle tone |
| Liver |
Detoxifies many substances, secretes bile to digest fats. |
| Endocrine System |
Hormone producing glands that control basic body functions. |
| Kerhs Sign |
Referred pain to the shoulder caused by injuries to organs that result in bleeding that irritates the diaphragm |
| Brudzinskis Sign |
Involuntary flexion of the hips when the neck is flexed, symptom of meningitis |
| Cullens Sign |
Bluish discoloration visible on the surface of the abdomen when a large amount of blood is present in the peritoneum. |
| Kernigs Sign |
Inability to extend the knee when the hip is flexed to 90 degrees due to irritation of the meninges, symptom of meningitis |
| Turners Sign |
Bruising of the flank |
| Small Intestine |
1. Duodenum 2. Jejumum 3. Ileum |
| Large Intestine |
In order. Cecum,transverse colon,descending colon,sigmoid colon,rectum, anus |
| Peritoneal Space |
Closed membrane sac that contains most of the GI tract distal to the esophagus |
| Retroperitoneal Space |
Behind the abdomen, Kidneys |
| Causes of Abdominal Pain |
Viscereal, Somatic,Referred |
| GI Bleeds Upper |
Above the Ligament of Teritz, Bloody,coffee ground emesis, melena (black or tarry shit) |
| GI Bleeds Lower |
Below the Ligament of Teritz, Hematochezia, |
| Esophogeal Varices |
Dilated veins in the esophagus from a back up of blood in the liver. Alcoholic liver disease. |
| Cholecystitis |
Acute inflamation of the gallbladder,neck of gallbladder is obstructed by gallstone |
| Cholelithiasis |
Gallstones |
| Diverticulitis |
Inflamation of the diverticula |
| Diverticulosus |
Presence of diverticula |
| Chronic Intestinal Disorders |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease consists of Ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. |
| Liver Disorders |
Hepatitis inflammation of the liver, |
| First pass effect |
Most of the drug is metabolised by the liver. |
| Therapeutic Window |
Difference between desired effects and a toxic effect of a drug |
| Types of poisonings |
Anticholinergic,Cholinergic,Opiods,Sympathomimetics |
| Antidotes for poisonings |
Atropine,Calcium chloride,Naloxone,Sodium Bicarbonate, |
| Acute Renal Failure |
deterioration of renal function over a period of hours or days resulting in accumulation of metabolic waste products |
| Chronic Renal Failure |
Gradual and slow loss of renal failure. |
| Rhabdomyolysis |
break down of muscle, release of myoglobin into bloodstream. |
| Complications of Dialysis |
Infection, Sepsis, Septic Emboli, Occluded Shunt, Excessive Bleeding. Hypotension, Hypoglycemia, Neurologic Dysfunction. |
| UTI |
Urinary Tract Infection, Burning, Low back pain, Nausea, Malaise, Frequency. |
| Hernias |
When any organ protrudes through the wall that normally contains it. |
| Inguinal Hernia |
Occurs in groin region due to increased abd pressure. |
| Kidney Stones |
Stones or CALCUI form in the kidney, collecting system or in the bladder. Stone forms when crystals precipitate our from unine and build up on inner surface of kidney or its collecting system. |
| Kidney Infection |
Pyelonephritis, flank pain, fatigue, chills, malaise, fever. |
| Blood, amounts, volume, loss? |
7-8% body weight, 55% plasma and 45% RBC WBC and Platelets. Healthy Pt can compensate for 25-30% loss before progressing to decompensated shock. 165lb = 5.6L total can loose approx 1.7 L. |
| Functions of the blood |
Transport Oxygen, remove waste, form clots, fight infections |
| Blood Types |
A, B, AB, O. AB Universal Recipiant. O Universal Donor has no Antigens and both Antibodies. |
| Transfussion Reactions |
Due to ABO incompatibility 50% mortality rate. |
| Hemolytic Reactions |
Destruction of RBC's by antigens in recipients blood. Signs fever chills flushing hives wheezing and tachycardia. |
| Sicle Cell Anemia and Treatment |
Sickle-shaped red blood cells with diminished oxygen carrying capacity. Reoxygenation Hydration and Pain Managment. |
| Inflammatory Response. Define and 3 steps. |
How the body responds to infection and trauma. 1 blood supply to affected area is increased. 2 small arterioles & venules increase so WBC's can leave bloodstream. 3 Leukocytes migrate through blood vessel wall to infection |
| Polycythemia |
Increased number of RBC's |
| Leukemia |
Cancer of the blood forming stem cells located in the bone marrow. 2 types myelogenous or lymphocytic. |
| Multiple Myeloma |
Disorder affecting plasma cells by replacement of healthy bone marrow with cancerous cells, bone destruction and paratrotein formation. Found in older adults 65. |
| DIC |
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. Widespread thrombus formation in microvasculature with low platelet and coagulation factor counts. |
| Bodys Thermostat |
Hypothalmus. Thermosensors in skin, central integrative area interperts thermosensors and regulates thermoregulatory effectors to maintain a set point temp. Thermoregulatory effectors carry out heat loss. |
| Heat Exhaustion |
Intravascular volume depletion. |
| Heat Stroke |
Bodys compensation mechanisms fail. Temp 104+ |
| Throat Infections & Compromise |
Epiglottis, Croup, Anaphylaxixs, Trauma |
| Hyphema |
Blood in anterior chamber of eye |
| Crisis |
Emotions overpower an individuals sense of confidence and take away ability to see options that might help reslove the problem. |
| Valium |
generic:DIAZEPAM class:BENZODIAZEPIINE moa:CALMING EFFECTS DECREASE SEIZURE SEDATIVE indications:SEIZURES DT AMNESIA FOR PROCEDURES dose:2mg NO FASTER THAN 2mg/minute |
| Benadryl |
generic:DIPENHYDRAMINE HCL class:ANTIISTAMINE ANTICHOLINERGIC moa:BLOCKS HISTAMINE RECEPTORS dose 25-50mg slov IV push |
| Epinepherine Anaphylaxis |
1:1000 SC .3-.5mg may repeat every 15 to 20 minutes. |
| Albuterol |
trade: PROVENTIL VENTOLIN class: SYMPATHOMIMETIC BRONCHODILATOR dose:2.5mg/3mL route:SVN indications:BRONCHOSPASM MOA: B2 AGONIST side effects:SYNERGISTIC W/ OTHER SYMPATHOMIMETICS DIABETES HYPERTHYROIDSIMS CEREBROVASCULA DISEASE |
| Solu-Medrol |
Generic: Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate Class: Corticosteriod anti-inflammatory Dose: 125mg Route: IV Indications: Reactive airway disease MOA: anti-inflamation SIDE EFFECTS: No Preterm Infants. |
| Atrovent |
generic:IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE class:ANTICHOLINERGIC BRONCHODILATOR indications:BRONCHOSPASM dose:500mcg/2.5ml SVN side effects: COUGHING SPUTUM INCREASED |
| Sodium Bicarbonate 8.4% |
class:BUFFER moa:INCREASE pH indications:PRE-EXISTING METABOLIC ACIDOSIS OVERDOSE ASPIRIN CYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS CARDIAC ARREST dose:50-100mEq IV per medical control |