| Question |
Answer |
| What do glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and ketone synthesis cause? |
increased plasma glucose, increased plasma ketones |
| What is the primary target of glucagon? |
liver |
| What is the glucagon receptor? |
G protein linked receptor |
| What induces hypoglycemia? |
long-lasting workout session (250 minutes) |
| What is the first fuel used in exercise? |
glycogen |
| What is the second fuel used in exercise? |
fat, the preferable fuel |
| What metabolism occurs when the body is burning fat? |
catabolic |
| What do insulin levels do in exercise, in catabolic metabolism? |
decrease |
| How do you get insulin in the muscle cells if insulin is low? |
muscle stretches, GLUT4 transporters go to the surface and allow for glucose entry into cells |
| How does exercise benefit diabetics? |
increased entry of glucose into cells during exercise - GLUT4 transporters move to cell membrane and allow for movement of glucose |
| What does cortisol cause? |
degradation of fat, muslce, etc. - extremely catabolic. Also causes the liver to produce glucose |
| Where does the cortisol drain? |
the medulla of the adrenal gland - sympathetic NS causes epi to be secreted in the adrenal |
| What does epi do to fat? |
causes breakdown of fat, sends fat to liver to be converted to glucose |
| What effect does the sympathetic NS have on insulin? |
inhibits - no insulin during stress |
| What does alpha cells do in the absense of insulin? |
alpha cell secretes glucagon |
| In stress, which three hormones are present in the plasma? |
glucagon, epi, cortisol |
| What do glucagon, epi and cortisol do during stress? |
mobilize glucose in the blood stream |
| How does synergy work during stress? |
each hormone increase blood glucose, but putting epi + glucagon + cortisol = a larger effect |
| Formula for synergy |
1+1+1 = 5 |
| What are types of stress? |
exercise, other activation of sympathetic NS, trauma, surgery, dehydration, lack of food |
| What part of the body uses ketones as a fuel source? |
brain |
| What hormone does starvation turn on? |
thyroid hormone |
| What effect does decrease thyroid hormone have on BMR? |
decreased |
| What effect does decreased metabolic rate have on body temperature? |
decreases |
| As fat depots shrink, what happens to leptin levels? |
decrease |
| What do decreased leptin levels cause? |
decreaesd TRH, decreasing blood TSH levels |
| What happens to T4 and T3 in starvation? |
decrease, switch to T4, rather than T3 |
| What happens to appetite during starvation? |
increases at first, then decreases |
| What happens to melanocortin receptors in low leptin conditions? |
receptors inhibited, inhibition of feeding stops - so, you feed |
| How does high insulin effect feeding? |
Signals to the hypothalamus to stop feeding |
| What effect does low insulin have on feeding? |
turns on feeding |
| High leptin, high insulin |
turn off feeding |
| low leptin, low insulin |
turn on feeding |
| When sympathetic nervous system is on, what does this do to insulin? |
turns off insulin |
| Sympathetic NS - turns off insulin, causes feeding or no feeding? |
feeding - hungry b/c of stress! |
| Type 1 diabetes causes increased or decreased ketogenesis? |
increased |
| In severe hypoglycemia, CNS increases output to adrenal and pancrease, increasing blood levels of what? |
glucagon and epi |
| Hypothyroid, pituitary etiology has what effect on basal metabolism? |
Low TSH, low T4 - decreased basal metabolism |
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