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renal final chp8,9
renal final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| major types of renal disease is grouped into 3 | prerenal, postrenal and intrinsic renal disease |
| the use of NSAIDs is an examples of what type of renal disease | prerenal |
| Bilateral renal atery stenosis can be grouped into what type of renal disease | prerenal disease |
| obstruction at some site in the urinary tract partially or completely obstructs the flow of urine | postrenal disease |
| this type of renal disease can cause back pressure | postrenal |
| what are some examples of postrenal diseases | prostatic disease, pelvic or retroperitoneal malignancy, renal r ureteric calculi, congenital abn. |
| what is an examples of instertitial inrtinsic renal disease | drug induced, acute pyelonephritis, chx pyelonephritis, analgesic abuse nephropathy |
| myeloma is a example of prerenal, postrenal, or intrinsic | intrinsic renal disease-tubular |
| examples of vascular-intrinsic renal disease | HTN, systemic vasculitis, thrombotic mircoangiopathy |
| severity of renal dysfx can be determined by | estimation of GFR and creatinine clearance |
| what is the most common type of infection of elderly | UTI |
| pH above _-_ indicates UTI | 7.5-8 |
| urea-splitting organism is indicative of | UTI |
| normal pH | 7.5-8 |
| nitrite test is usually positive for | UTI |
| what pH indicates metabolic acidosis | <5.3 |
| glucose in urinalysis a normal finding | false |
| glucose in the urinalysis is not normally measured and indicates | DM, overwhelming the prox, disease in the prox not reabsorbing glucose |
| what are the two components that make up ketones AKA ___? | acetoacetic acid and acetone= B-hydrbutyric acid |
| nitrate converts to __ in the presence of bacteria | nitrite |
| this is usually indicative of RBC in the urine but doesn't mean there are RBC's present | heme |
| if the dipstick test is positive for heme, what are some examples of what it could be | hemoglobinuria, intravascular hemolysis, myoglobinuria |
| what are the three types of proteinuria | glomerular, tubular, and overflow proteinuria |
| abnormal filtration of LMW proteins is what type of proteinuria | tubular proteinuria |
| this type of proteinuria has abnormal filtration of large proteins and albumin | glomerular |
| prox tubule disease leads to failure to reabsorb...in which proteinuria | tubular proteinuria |
| what do you have to add to detect proteins in the urine dipstick | sulfosalicylic acid |
| normal total proteins | 40-80 |
| an albumin level of 30 is normal | false, 20 normal |
| Tamm Horsfall Mucoprotein (THMP) are secreted in the ___ ascending limb and constitiues the matrix of the ____ | thick, renal casts |
| THMP value | 30-50mg/day |
| wt of the urine compared to equal amount of distilled water is known as | specific gravity |
| normal specific gravity | 1.008-1.010 |
| specfic gravity and osmolality are the same | false |
| total number of particles per volume of segments is known as urine osmalality | false; per sediment |
| what type of urine sediment are there | casts, red cell casts, white cell, epithelial casts and lipiduria, and crystal |
| phosphate and Ca oscalate are examples of what type of sediment | crystal |
| THMP are example of what type of sediment | casts |
| most common cause of hematuria | extrarenal; kidney stones, trauma, prostatic disease, CA |
| Rhado is an example of what type of protein and how is it treated THMP | IVF dilution, alkalize urine, mannitol (buffer) |
| acute vs. chx is depended upon the __ of the disease | onset |
| T/F most UTI start in the kidneys and migrate down to the bladder | false; start in the bladder and migrate up to the kidneys and ureters |
| you would see this type of urinary findings in ARF, indicative of acute tubular nercosis | renal tubular epithelial cells with granular and epithelial cell casts |
| hyaline casts are not an abnormal finding | true |
| pyuria with WBC and granular casts with no or mild proteinuria, variable hematuria suggest | tublointerstitial disease or obstruction. UTI |
| lipiduria, heavy proteinuria, hematuria with RBC casts | glomerular disease or vasculitis |
| hyponatermia cuases can be distinguished by | urine sodium excretion |
| high urine sodium excretion with hypovolemia with hyponatremia | low urine Na excretion |
| hyponatremia with normal sodium excretion is present it what two types of disease | SIADH; impaired renal tubular fx |
| what two test are used for urine sodium excretion | urine Na concentration and fractional excretion of Na |
| what two settings on the vent can cause decrease u.o. | excessive PPV and TV |
| normal u.o. | 0.5cc/kg |
| global changes of the kidney effect the entire | glomerular tuft |
| diffuse | more than 50% glomeruli |
| focal kidney changes affect | less than 50% glomeruli |
| segmental histologic changes involves | part of the glomerular tuft |
| thickening of the glomerular cappillary wal | membranous |
| increased # of cells in the glomerulus | proliferative |
| membranoproliferative is the presence of | membranous and proliferative changes in the glomeruli |
| accumalation of the cells in the bowmans capsule | crescent |
| inflammation of the glomerular tuft | glomerulonephritis |
| nephrotic or nephretic syndrome do cast form | nephretic |
| there is a decrease in GFR with nephrotic or nephretic | nephretic |
| noninflammatory injury to the glomerular capillary wall occur nephrotic or nephretic | nephrotic |
| this is a form of nephrotic syndrome | amyloidosis |
| diabetic nephropathy occurs with nephrotic or nephretic | nephrotic |
| increase in creatinine in which syndrome | nephretic |
| IgA nephropathy, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and lupus nephritis is ___ syndrome | nephretic |
| this is known as a anit-GBM syndrome | nephretic |
| hyperlipidemia is seen in which syndrome | nephrotic |
| in this syndrome injury to the glomerular epithelial cells is caused from sytokines from mononuclear cells damage | nephrotic syndrome |
| primary focal glomerulosclerosis | nephrotic |
| membranous nephropathy develops from immune complex formation in the subepithelial | nephrotic |
| circulation AB against the GBM, immune complexes form and complement activation in the mesangium, and ciruculating AB directed against neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens | primary mechanisms of nephretic syndrome |
| which layer of the glomerular is negatively charged | capillary endothelial layer, frenestrated capillary |
| glomerular basement membrane is a lipid bilayer | false |
| this layer is tight-junctioned | single layer of epithelial cell (podocytes) |
| made of glycoproteins and proteoglycans | GBM |
| what type of molecules are restricted in the glomerulus | large and anionic (-) |
| large vessel arterides | polyarteritis nodosa |
| small vessel arterides | polyarteritis nodosa and wegener granulomatosis |
| direct injury to the ___ occurs with thrombotic mircoangiopathies | endothelium |
Created by:
melbacs