| Question |
Answer |
| Alexander II |
(r.1855-81)Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated. |
| Ausgleich, 1867 |
Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary. |
| "Blood and iron" |
Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismarck; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron". |
| Bundesrat |
The federal council of Austrian government. |
| Count Camillo Cavour |
Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy. |
| Carbonari |
A secret society; designated to overthrow Bonapartist rulers; they were liberal patriots. |
| Carlsbad Decrees |
1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich. |
| Constitutional monarchy |
Monarch rules with limitations by the constitution; written or unwritten. |
| Ems Dispatch |
A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war. |
| Franco-Prussian War |
1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor. |
| Frankfurt Assembly |
1807-82; personified the romantic revolutionary nationalism. Attempted to unify Germany. |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi |
(1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily. |
| Louis Kossuth |
Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848. |
| Leopold II |
1865-1909; King of Belgium, sent Henry Stanley to Africa. |
| Liberalism |
The base ideas of liberty and equality. |
| Giuseppe Mazzini |
Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people. |
| Nationalism |
Pride in one's nation, group, or traditions; a desire for independence. |
| Napoleon III |
Original Napoleon’s nephew; consolidated conservative government and the ideals of nationalism. |
| Panslavism |
A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877. |
| Pogroms |
Persecution of minorities, especially the Jews in Russia. |
| Realpolitik |
Political theory, advocated by Bismarck, that national success justifies any means possible. Very Machiavellian. |
| Red Shirts |
Volunteers in Garibaldi's army |
| Reichstag |
Popularly elected parliament in Germany. Very little power. |
| Russification |
Policy imposing Russian customs and traditions on other people. |
| Syllabus of Errors |
1864. Pope Pius IX denounced rationalism, socialism, and separation of church and state. |
| Treaty of Frankfurt |
The end of the Franco-Prussian War. Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany. |
| Otto von Bismarck |
(1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule. |
| Zemstvos |
Local assemblies in Russia. |
| Zollverein |
Economic custom union of German states, founded in 1834 by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs. |
| Risorgimento |
Italian period of history from 1815 to1850. |
| Grossdeutsch |
Great German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Big Germans". |
| Kleindeutsch |
Little German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Little Germans". |
| Volksgeist |
Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries. |
Beef Production
