Chapter 18 AP Euro

Description:	AP European Chapter 18 Vocabulary
Category:	European History
Created by:	mr.bradley on 2009-08-27

Question	Answer
Aristotelian World View	Motionless earth was fixed at center of universe, God was beyond.
Francis Bacon	English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.
Tycho Brahe	Established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572.
Robert Boyle	Physicist, nothing can be known beyond all doubt.
Andrew Celsius	Invented measurement of temperature - Celsius.
Nicolaus Copernicus	Polish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory.
Heliocentric Theory	Sun is the center of the universe. Coperican
Geocentric Theory	Earth is the center of the universe. Aristotelian.
Descartes	(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.
Deductive Reasoning	Descartes, doubt everything and use deductive reasoning. Reasoning based on facts. Combined with empiricism to create scientific method.
Inductive Reasoning	Baconian empiricism. Based speculations on other situations.
Discourse on Methods	Descartes (1677) espoused deductive reasoning.
Empiricism	Bacon's theory of inductive reasoning.
Gabriel Fahrenheit	Developed measurement of temperature with freezing at 32 degrees.
Galileo Galilei	Created modern experimental method. Formulated the law of inertia. Tried for heresy and forced to recant. Saw Jupiter’s moons. Wrote Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World
Gresham College	Located in England. Leading place for the advancement of science. First time scientists had a honored roll in society; center of scientific activity.
William Harvey	Englishman who announced blood circulates throughout the body.
Carl Linnaeus	System Nature- developed methods to classify and name plants and animals.
Natural Law	Universal law that could be understood by applying reason; letting people govern themselves.
Isaac Newton	English scientist. 3 Laws of motion. Mathematics Principal of Natural Philosophy (1687).
Ptolemy’s System	Last great ancient astronomer; there was a place for God. Complicated rules used to explain minor irregularities in the movement of the planets.
The Royal Society of London	Established by Charles II in 1662; purpose to help the sciences.
Discourses on the Origins of Inequalities	Rousseau, discuss the innocence of man and his corruption by society.
Voltaire	French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.
Deism	God built the Universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory.
Enlightened despot	Enlightened ruler. Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great.
Humanitarianism	Promoting human welfare and social reform.
Second Treatise of Government	(1690) Written by Locke, Government created to protect life, liberty, and property.
Essay Concerning Human Understanding	(1690) Written by Locke, tabula rasa theory.
Rococo	Art style that focuses on pastels, ornate interiors, and sentmental portraits.
The Spirit of Laws	1748) Montesquieu, about separation of powers.
The Social Contract	Rousseau, suggestions in reforming the political system and modeled after the Greek polis.
Candide	Voltaire, satirizing society and organized religion in Europe.
Montesquieu	French philosophe. Wrote The Spirit of Laws. Said "Power checks power". Separation of powers. Form of government varies according to climate.