| Question |
Answer |
| What is primary malnutrition? |
inadequate food supply |
| What is secondary malnutrition? |
GI disease, chronic wasting disease, acute critical illness |
| What is PEM? |
protein energy malnutrition |
| What is Marasmus? |
severe reduction in calories; wasting of somatic protein stores; serum albumin normal; alert and hungry |
| What is Kwashiorkor? |
severe lack of protein; depeletion of visceral stores despite sufficient calorie intake; flag sign/flaky paint skin; hypoalbuminemia |
| What is Cachexia? |
seen with cancer and aids; extreme weight loss, fatigue, atrophy |
| What substances are postulated to cause cachexia? |
PIF - proteolysis-inducing factor, LMF - lipid mobilizing factor, pro-inflammatory cytokines |
| What are clinical findings in anorexia nervosa? |
amenorrhea; dec TH, Estrogen, bone density, |
| What is retinol? |
vitamin A |
| What is a common dietary source of Vit A? |
beta-carotene |
| What is the most common cause of blindness in the world? |
Vit A deficiency |
| What occular deficiencies result from Vit A deficiency? |
xerophthalmia (dry eye), destruction of cornea, blindness, impaired night vision |
| What is Keratomalacia? |
softening and ulceration of cornea |
| What are bitot spots? |
spots on the cornea associated with Vit A deficiency |
| What epithelium is effected by lack of vit A? |
bronchial, urinary tract, skin |
| What are some acute and chronic effects of Vit A toxicity? |
headache, diziness, blurred vision; weightloss, bone/joint pain, increased bone resorption |
| What is the role of Vit D? |
maintain plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus |
| What is the major source of Vit D? |
sunlight, 90% endogenously made |
| What is a lack of vitamin D in children? |
rickets; irregular bone growth, bowed legs, costochondral junctions irregular |
| What is Osteomalacia? |
Vit D deficiency in Adults; inadequate mineralization in osteod in normal bone remodeling |
| What is ascorbic acid? |
Vit C |
| What is the role of Vit C? |
redox rxns and hydroxylation of collagen |
| What is scurvy? |
Vit C deficiency; hemorrhagic wounds, bone abnormalities |
| What happens in infantile scurvy? |
osteoblasts fail to form osteoid; periosteum becomes loosened and bleeds |
| What are the organic components that mediate hunger? |
leptin and neuropeptide Y |
| What are the functions of leptin and neuropeptide Y on appetite? |
leptin decrease appetite; NPY increase appetite |
| What is adiponectin? |
stimulate fatty acid-ox; decrease fat mass |
| What is ghrelin? |
gut hormone that increases food intake |
| What is the primary role of Vit E? |
major antioxidant |
| What happens in Vit E deficiency? |
spinocerebellar degeneration; decreased RBC lifespan; loss of pain/reflexes, muscle weakness, ataxia |
| What is the role of Vit K? |
co-factor in hepatic carboxylation of procoagulants II, VII, IX, X |
| What happens in Vit K deficiency? |
hemorrhagic tendancy; occurs with fat malabsorption, antibiotic treatment |
| What are the water solubule vitamins? |
thiamine (b1), riboflavin (b2), niacin, Vit C, Folate |
| What is the role of Thiamine? |
ATP synthesis, nerve conductance |
| What are the three targets in thiamine deficiency? |
dry beriberi (peripheral neuropathy), wet beriberi (cardiovascular syndrome) dilation of vessels and heart, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (bleeding into mamillary bodies) |
| What is the role of riboflavin B2? |
redox rxns, mitochondria |
| What are the clinical manifestations of ariboflavinosis? |
cheilosis (fissure at angle of mouth), glossitis (atrophy of tongue), scaly dermatitis |
| What ist eh role of niacin? |
NAD and NADP, can be synthesized or consumed |
| What is niacin deficiency? What happens? |
Pellagra, Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dimentia |
| What is the role of pyridoxine B6? |
transaminations, carboxylations, deaminations, lipid and protein metabolism |
| What is the role of folate? |
single carbon units in DNA synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis |
| What is folate deficiency? |
megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects |
| What minerals are associated with deficiencies? |
iron, zinc, copper, selenium, iodine |
| What results from zinc deficiency? |
acrodermatits enteropathica (rash around eyes, nose, mouth, anus); growth retardation; decreased fertility |
| What is the fxn of selenium? |
protects against oxidative lipid membrane dmg |
| What is Keshan disease? |
selenium deficiency; cardiomyopathy |
HHS Shrek
