o Joint (articulation): coming together of two or more bones

 Suture joints: immovable (skull)

 Synovial joints: freely movable (ball and socket types, e.g. hip or shoulders), (hinge type, e.g., elbow, knee, ankle)

• SYNOVIAL JOINTS

o Joint capsule surrounds bone

o Ligaments band bones together

o Bones covered by articular cartilage

o Synovial membrane lies under capsule and lines synovial cavity; filled with synovial fluid.

• BURSAE

o Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near, but not within a joint. Needed where sliding must take place

o Common sites:

 Between ligaments (binding bone to bone) and bone

 Between tendons (connective tissue that connects muscle to bone)

 Between skin and bones (with prominent bony anatomy)

• Pg. 583; figure 15-19

• COMBINING FORMS AND SUFFIXES

Combining form Meaning • Ankyl/o stiff

• Arthr/o joint

• Articul/o joint

• Burs/o bursa

• Chondr/o cartilage

• Ligament/o ligament

• Rheumat/o watery flow

• Synov/o synovial membrane

• Ten/o tendon

• Tendin/o tendon

• -desis to bind, tie together

• -stenosis narrowing

• PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS

o Arthritis: inflammation of the joint

 Ankylosing spondylitis: chronic progressive stiffening of joints, mostly spine.

 Gouty arthritis: inflammation due to excessive uric acid in the body.

 Osteoarthritis (OA): loss of articular cartilage and formation of bone spurs at articular surfaces.(DJD)

 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): autoimmune reaction against joint tissue (synovial membrane).

Pg. 586; Figure 15-20

o Bunion: swelling of medical aspect of joint between big toe and 1st metatarsal bone

o Carpal tunnel syndrome: compression of median nerve as it passes between ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist (pg.587; figure 15-21)

o Dislocation: displacement of bone from a joint

o Ganglion: a fluid filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in wrist

o Herniation of an intervertebral disk: abnormal protrusion of the disk into the neural canal or against spinal nerves

o Lyme disease: recurrent arthritis, myalgia, malaise and neurologic and cardiac symptoms

o Sprain: trauma to joint with pain, swelling and injury to ligaments

o Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): chronic inflammatory disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart and lungs affecting collagen in tendons, ligaments, bone and cartilage all over the body (pg. 258; figure 15-23)