APHY101 Chapter 16

Description:	APHY101 Chapter 16
Category:	Physiology
Created by:	yellowwood on 2009-07-08

Question	Answer
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808225_dynB.jpg	Hormonal	Humoral	>>Neural
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808225_dynC.jpg	>>Hormonal	Humoral	Neural
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808226_dynA.jpg	Hypophyseal portal veins	Primary capillary plexus	Secondary capillary plexus	Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis	>>Neurons in the ventral hypothalamus
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808226_dynB.jpg	Hypophyseal portal veins	>>Primary capillary plexus	Secondary capillary plexus	Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis	Neurons in the ventral hypothalamus
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808226_dynC.jpg	>>Hypophyseal portal veins	Primary capillary plexus	Secondary capillary plexus	Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis	Neurons in the ventral hypothalamus
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808226_dynD.jpg	Hypophyseal portal veins	Primary capillary plexus	>>Secondary capillary plexus	Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis	Neurons in the ventral hypothalamus
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808226_dynE.jpg	Hypophyseal portal veins	Primary capillary plexus	Secondary capillary plexus	>>Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis	Neurons in the ventral hypothalamus
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808227_dynA.jpg	Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid	>>Thyroglobulin synthesized/discharged into follicle lumen	Iodinated tyrosines are linked to form T3 & T4	Enzymes cleave T3 & T4 from colloid/hormones diffuse into blood	Thyroglobulin colloid is combined with lysosome
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808227_dynB.jpg	Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid	Thyroglobulin synthesized/discharged into follicle lumen	Iodinated tyrosines are linked to form T3 & T4	Thyroglobulin colloid is combined with lysosome	>>Iodide is actively transported in
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808227_dynC.jpg	>>Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid	Thyroglobulin synthesized/discharged into follicle lumen	Thyroglobulin colloid is combined with lysosome	Enzymes cleave T3 & T4 from colloid/hormones diffuse into blood	Iodide is actively transported in
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808227_dynD.jpg	Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid	Thyroglobulin colloid is combined with lysosome	>>Iodinated tyrosines are linked to form T3 & T4	Enzymes cleave T3 & T4 from colloid/hormones diffuse into blood	Iodide is actively transported in
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808227_dynE.jpg	>>Thyroglobulin colloid is combined with lysosome	Thyroglobulin synthesized/discharged into follicle lumen	Iodinated tyrosines are linked to form T3 & T4	Enzymes cleave T3 & T4 from colloid/hormones diffuse into blood	Iodide is actively transported in
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808227_dynF.jpg	Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid	Thyroglobulin synthesized/discharged into follicle lumen	Iodinated tyrosines are linked to form T3 & T4	>>Enzymes cleave T3 & T4 from colloid/hormones diffuse into blood	Iodide is actively transported in
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808228_dynA.jpg	Cortex	Zona reticularis	Adrenal medulla cells	Zona glomerulosa	>>Medulla
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808228_dynB.jpg	>>Cortex	Zona reticularis	Adrenal medulla cells	Zona glomerulosa	Zona fasciculata
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808228_dynC.jpg	Cortex	Zona reticularis	Zona fasciculata	>>Zona glomerulosa	Medulla
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808228_dynD.jpg	>>Zona fasciculata	Zona reticularis	Adrenal medulla cells	Zona glomerulosa	Medulla
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808228_dynE.jpg	Cortex	>>Zona reticularis	Zona fasciculata	Zona glomerulosa	Medulla
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808228_dynF.jpg	Zona fasciculata	Zona reticularis	>>Adrenal medulla cells	Zona glomerulosa	Medulla
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808229_dynA.jpg	Blood glucose levels rise	>>Rising blood sugar	Insulin	Declining blood glucose level	Glucagon
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808229_dynB.jpg	Blood glucose levels rise	Rising blood sugar	>>Insulin	Glucagon	Blood glucose levels fall to normal range
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808229_dynC.jpg	Blood glucose levels rise	Glucagon	Insulin	Declining blood glucose level	>>Blood glucose levels fall to normal range
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808229_dynD.jpg	Glucagon	Rising blood sugar	Insulin	>>Declining blood glucose level	Blood glucose levels fall to normal range
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808229_dynE.jpg	Blood glucose levels rise	Rising blood sugar	>>Glucagon	Declining blood glucose level	Blood glucose levels fall to normal range
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808229_dynF.jpg	>>Blood glucose levels rise	Rising blood sugar	Insulin	Declining blood glucose level	Blood glucose levels fall to normal range
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig161A.jpg	>>Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.	Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.	Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.	Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.	Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig161B.jpg	>>Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.	Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.	Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.	Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.	Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig161C.jpg	>>Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.	Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.	Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.	Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.	Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig161D.jpg	>>Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.	Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.	Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.	Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.	Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig161E.jpg	>>Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.	Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.	Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.	Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.	Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig162A.jpg	>>Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).	Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH).	Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).	Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).	Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig162B.jpg	>>Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH).	Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).	Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).	Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).	Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig162C.jpg	>>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).	Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).	Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH).	Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).	Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig162D.jpg	>>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).	Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).	Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH).	Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).	Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig162E.jpg	>>Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).	Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).	Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH).	Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).	Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
Which of the following is a steroid hormone?	>>Testosterone	Epinephrine	TSH	ACTH	PTH
Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ, but produces hormones in addition to its major function?	Pituitary	Pancreas	>>Kidneys	Thymus
Acromegaly is a condition resulting from the over-secretion of	thyroid hormones.	thymus gland hormones.	parathyroid hormones.	>>the growth hormone.	adrenal cortex hormones.
Hormonal action is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT	selectivity for specific protein receptors.	cooperative effect with other hormones.	>>degrading and removal of other hormones.	antagonistic effects between some hormones.	mechanism of up-regulating or down-regulating.
Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by	changing the permeability of the cell membrane.	activating cyclic AMP located outside the cell.	activating cyclic AMP located inside the cell.	>>binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex.	using calcium ions as a second-messenger.
Sympathetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the release of	aldosterone.	>>epinephrine.	thyroid hormone.	estrogen.	insulin.
The action of hormones on living cells does NOT include	control of the secretory functions of the cell.	activation or deactivation of enzymes.	>>alteration of the structure of the plasma membrane.	changing the permeability of the plasma membrane.	regulation of mitotic activity of the cell.
The adrenal gland produces the following hormones EXCEPT	cortisone.	epinephrine.	aldosterone.	>>renin.	androgens.
The chemical classification of hormones does NOT include	amino acid-based hormones.	>>glucose-containing hormones.	cholesterol containing hormones.	steroid hormones.	protein-based hormones.
The growth-promoting functions of GH do NOT include	>>increasing the rate of glucose uptake.	increasing the cellular uptake of amino acids.	increasing the uptake of sulfur into the cartilage matrix.	increasing the blood levels of fatty acids.
The hypothalamus DIRECTLY controls the secretions of the	mammary gland.	adrenal gland.	gonads.	thyroid gland.	>>pituitary gland.
The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by	>>TH.	TSH.	ACTH	FSH.	ADH.
The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of	neural stimuli.	>>humoral stimuli.	hypothalamic stimuli.	pituitary gland stimuli.	hormonal stimuli.
The stimulus for producing insulin is	low glycogen concentration.	>>high blood glucose concentration.	low blood fatty acid concentration.	low blood glucose concentration.	low blood amino acid concentration.
The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of	catecholamines.	amino acid-based hormones.	pancreatic hormones.	>>steroid hormones.	pituitary gland hormones.
What is the life span of most hormones?	>>0 - 30 minutes	12 - 24 hours	One week	1 - 5 hours	One month
Which hormone is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?	GH	ACTH	FSH	TSH	>>ADH
Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?	>>Iodine	Iron	Sulfur	Copper	Zinc
Which of the following organs do NOT have a known endocrine function?	Stomach	Heart	Kidneys	Thyroid	>>Spleen
The general function of parathyroid hormones is	regulation of blood levels of glucose.	synthesis of Vitamin D.	regulating blood pressure.	regulation of menstrual cycle.	>>regulation of blood levels of calcium.
The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the	ovaries.	parathyroid glands.	adrenal glands.	thyroid gland.	>>anterior pituitary gland. (adenohypophysis)
Which of the following hormones is produced by the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) and causes uterine contractions during childbirth?	Growth hormone	>>Oxytocin	Insulin	Epinephrine	Thyroid hormone
Adrenal hormones that help control the balance of minerals and water in the blood are	mineralocorticoids produced by the adrenal medulla.	norepinephrine .	glucocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex.	>>mineralocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex.	Epinephrine
A hormone produced by the pancreas that decreases blood sugar levels is	thyroid hormone.	calcitonin.	aldosterone.	glucagon.	>>insulin.
Which of the following signals would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid?	Neural	Endocrine	Autocrine	>>Paracrine
Which of the following is the property in which a hormone can NOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone?	Synergism	Assertiveness	Antagonism	>>Permissiveness
Which of the following is NOT a true hormone, but rather a trophic substance?	Aldosterone	Calcitonin	Thyroid hormone	>>TSH	Glucagon
Which of the following organs is considered a neuroendocrine organ?	the adrenal gland	>>the hypothalamus	the pituitary	the pancreas
Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they	>>they act locally, not on distal organs like true hormones.	mediate inflammatory reactions.	are lipid in nature.	don't have target organs.
All of the following apply to water soluble hormones except that	they are coupled with one or more intracellular messengers.	they act on receptors in the plasma membrane.	>>they can turn genes on.	they work through G proteins.
Which of the following hormones could enter the cell?	>>thyroxine	leptin	the growth hormone	insulin
How do protein kinases affect enzymes?	They increase the secretion of an enzyme.	>>They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme.	They increase the release of an enzyme.	They break down the enzyme.
The " hormone response element" is located on the cell	membrane.	RNA.	enzymes.	>>DNA.
The binding of a hormone to its "hormone response element" would lead to the	direct activation of enzymes in the cell.	formation of cAMP.	direct activation of second messenger agents in the cell.	>>transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event.
Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest	molecule.	activation time.	>>half-life.	chain of amino acids.
The normal endocrine controls can be directly over-ridden by the _________ system.	circulatory	>>nervous	digestive	reproductive
POMC is a prohormone for	insulin.	growth hormone.	>>ACTH.	thyroxin.
Insulin-like growth factors stimulate the uptake of	calcium.	iron.	>>sulfur.	potassium.
Excess growth hormone would cause all the following except	>>suppression of cancer.	acromegally in adults.	diabetes.	giantism in children.
Hypersecretion of ADH can occur in all of the following situations except	>>damage to the pineal gland.	after general anesthesia.	ectopic ADH secretion by pulmonary cancer.	following neurosurgery.
Which of the following organs is not affected by thyroxin?	kidney	liver	ovaries	>>spleen
Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by	lysosomes in the cell.	the Golgi apparatus.	>>peroxidase enzymes.	colloid endocytosis.
A congenital condition that includes mental retardation, short disproportional body size and a thick tongue and neck is due to	deficiency of thymosin.	>>deficiency of thyroxin.	excess of synthetic growth hormone.	insulin deficiency.
Osteitis fibrosa cystica is due to	>>an increase in the parathyroid hormone.	an increase in calcitonin.	an increase in ADH.	an increase in the growth hormone in an adult.
Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following except the	>>brain.	myocardium.	adipose.	skeletal muscle.
Which of the following hormones would suppress insulin release?	thyroxine	>>somatostatin	epinephrine	growth hormone
All of the following statements about melatonin are true except:	It is derived from serotonin.	>>Its level in the blood peaks during the day.	It is secreted in a diurnal cycle.	It is a powerful antioxidant.
Resistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone produced by the	>>adipose tissue.	heart.	liver.	hypothalamus.
Which of the following hormones is not a peptide?	gastrin	leptin	>>cholecalciferol	renin
Which of the following hormones does the skin produce?	erythropoietin	renin	>>cholecalciferol	melatonin
Somatostatin is considered paracrine because it acts on	>>acts locally on cells other than those that secrete it.	the cells that secrete it.	the hypothalamus to inhibit or activate the secretion of other hormones.	distant target organs.
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of	aldosterone	insulin	secretin	>>cortisol
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the	adrenal medulla	pancreas	thyroid gland	>>thymus gland
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular	ions	deactivators	nucleotides	>>second messengers
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?	>>enzyme	humoral	neural	hormonal
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called	enzymes	antibodies	proteins	>>hormones
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract	connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland	>>is partly contained within the infundibulum	conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis	is the site of prolactin synthesis
Tropic hormones	>>include ACTH and TSH	do not regulate the function of other endocrine glands	exert their effects on cells by direct gene activation	include GH and PRL
Growth hormone	is also called somatostatin	is regulated by humoral mechanisms	secretion results in a decrease in muscle mass	>>promotes long bone growth during the formative years
Oxytocin	>>release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism	is an adenohypophyseal secretion	exerts its most important effects during menstruation	controls milk production
ADH	increases urine production	promotes dehydration	is produced in the adenohypophysis	>>is inhibited by alcohol
Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by	>>entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei	exerting only a minor effect on body metabolism	causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, and therefore decreasing blood pressure	acting to decrease basal metabolic rate
Gonadocorticoid(s)	synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily androgens	>>production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty	secretion inhibition is highly dependent on a negative feedback loop involving ACTH	hypersecretion can result in adrenogenital syndrome, also called feminization
Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as	diabetes mellitus	cellular inhibition	>>down-regulation	metabolism of protein kinases
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?	a change in membrane potential	the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis	an increase in enzymatic activity	>>direct control of the nervous system
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on	the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path	the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ	>>the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ	nothing–all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the	hepatic portal system	general circulatory system	>>hypophyseal portal system	feedback loop
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because	it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release	embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional	it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location	>>it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Insulin, a small (51-amino-acid) protein, is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas. This hormone is released	in excessive amounts in obese people	in response to severe physical stress (i.e., a ten -mile run)	>>when the body's glucose level rises	when the body's glucose level drops
Steroid hormones exert their action by	>>entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene	finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity	stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen	increasing blood pressure
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by	synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed	increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ	not responding to a feedback mechanism	>>binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because	there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane	the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time	the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized	>>during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible beca	peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance from other messengers	hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of a gene directly	>>G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers	the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to	insulin, because insulin is a small peptide	>>steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells	growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone	glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight -or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is	estrogen	>>epinephrine	angiotensinogen	renin
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?	the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates	catabolic inhibition	protein synthesis	>>humoral stimulation
The major targets of growth hormone are	the blood vessels	the adrenal glands	the liver	>>bones and skeletal muscles
The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through	blocking the action of growth hormone	>>targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released	antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin	slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?	>>the heart	the kidney	the skin	the spleen
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to	testosterone	estrogen	>>cortisol	epinephrine
Leptin is secreted by	lymphocytes	>>adipocytes	goblet cells	fibroblasts
The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is	insulin	>>aldosterone	glucagon	cortisol
Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone?	estrogen	aldosterone	>>epinephrine	cortisone
Which of the following does not act as a second messenger in second-messenger systems of hormone action?	cyclic AMP	>>calmodulin	cyclic GMP	inositol triphosphate
Select the correct statement about the structure or function of chemical messengers.	Prostaglandins are biologically active peptides.	Modified cholesterol forms the main structural component of the peptone hormones.	>>An amino acid derivative can be a hormone.	An example of a paracrine is testosterone.
Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells?	extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone	an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP	second-messenger systems	>>a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second -messenger systems include	>>possible activation of several different second -messenger systems	cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger	formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates	hormone binding to intracellular receptors
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus	enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone -containing blood to the pituitary	enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary	travel by arteries to the pituitary	>>first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
ACTH	is secreted by the posterior pituitary	>>secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion	causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla	is not a tropic hormone
Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis?	Increased calcitonin levels will cause increased blood calcium levels.	High calcium levels cause bone resorption.	Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in osteoblast activity.	>>Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.
Aldosterone	is secreted by the neurohypophysis	>>functions to increase sodium reabsorption	presence increases potassium concentration in the blood	production is greatly influenced by ACTH
The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is	>>TH	ACTH	GH	ADH
Which organ does not have hormone production?	heart	kidney	>>liver	skin
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as	the cell's sensitivity reaction	cellular affinity	>>up-regulation	a reaction to a stressor
Eicosanoids do not include	paracrines	leukotrienes	>>hydrocortisones	prostaglandins
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.	FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males.	The physician is wrong–a hormone made in the adenohypophysis could not influence fertility.	>>FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.	The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults?	>>liver	spleen	thyroid gland	brain
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?	It causes positive feedback.	>>It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.	It is very specific in the cell type it targets.	It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.
Factors that inhibit TSH release do not include	growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)	rising levels of glucocorticoids	somatostatin	>>excessively high blood iodine concentrations
Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by	>>increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure	decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure	stimulating the pancreas to release insulin	blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid -base hormones?	Iron	>>Calcium	Sodium	Chlorine
Adenohypophysis	ADH	Aldosterone	>>TSH	Calcitonin	Melatonin
Neurohypophysis	>>ADH	Aldosterone	TSH	Calcitonin	Melatonin
Thyroid gland	ADH	Aldosterone	TSH	>>Calcitonin	Melatonin
Adrenal gland	ADH	>>Aldosterone	TSH	Calcitonin	Melatonin
Pineal gland	ADH	Aldosterone	TSH	Calcitonin	>>Melatonin
FSH	>>Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries	Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine	Stimulates the thyroid gland	Stimulates the adrenal cortex	Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth
GH	Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries	Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine	Stimulates the thyroid gland	Stimulates the adrenal cortex	>>Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth
ACTH	Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries	Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine	Stimulates the thyroid gland	>>Stimulates the adrenal cortex	Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth
TSH	Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries	Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine	>>Stimulates the thyroid gland	Stimulates the adrenal cortex	Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth
ADH	Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries	>>Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine	Stimulates the thyroid gland	Stimulates the adrenal cortex	Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth
Insulin	Decrease in body metabolism	>>High levels of blood sugar	Decrease in blood Ca2+ levels	Loss of body fluids	Loss of Na+ from extracellular fluids
ADH	Decrease in body metabolism	High levels of blood sugar	Decrease in blood Ca2+ levels	>>Loss of body fluids	Loss of Na+ from extracellular fluids
Aldosterone	Decrease in body metabolism	High levels of blood sugar	Decrease in blood Ca2+ levels	Loss of body fluids	>>Loss of Na+ from extracellular fluids
Thyroxine	>>Decrease in body metabolism	High levels of blood sugar	Decrease in blood Ca2+ levels	Loss of body fluids	Loss of Na+ from extracellular fluids
Parathyroid hormone	Decrease in body metabolism	High levels of blood sugar	>>Decrease in blood Ca2+ levels	Loss of body fluids	Loss of Na+ from extracellular fluids
Thyroid stimulating hormone	Increases contractions of uterine smooth muscle	Causes the adrenal cortex to produce hormones	>>Stimulates the production of thyroxine	Affects functions of the ovaries and testes	Causes cells to undergo mitosis and increase in size
Growth hormone	Increases contractions of uterine smooth muscle	Causes the adrenal cortex to produce hormones	Stimulates the production of thyroxine	Affects functions of the ovaries and testes	>>Causes cells to undergo mitosis and increase in size
Oxytocin	>>Increases contractions of uterine smooth muscle	Causes the adrenal cortex to produce hormones	Stimulates the production of thyroxine	Affects functions of the ovaries and testes	Causes cells to undergo mitosis and increase in size
Adrenocorticotropic hormone	Increases contractions of uterine smooth muscle	>>Causes the adrenal cortex to produce hormones	Stimulates the production of thyroxine	Affects functions of the ovaries and testes	Causes cells to undergo mitosis and increase in size
Follicle-stimulating hormone	Increases contractions of uterine smooth muscle	Causes the adrenal cortex to produce hormones	Stimulates the production of thyroxine	>>Affects functions of the ovaries and testes	Causes cells to undergo mitosis and increase in size
TSH	Released from posterior pituitary; causes kidneys to conserve water	Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen and spermatogenesis in the testes.	>>Released from anterior pituitary; causes thyroid gland to synthesize thyroxine	Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovulation and interstitial cells to produce testosterone in the testes	Released from posterior pituitary; causes uterine contractions
FSH	Released from posterior pituitary; causes kidneys to conserve water	>>Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen and spermatogenesis in the testes.	Released from anterior pituitary; causes thyroid gland to synthesize thyroxine	Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovulation and interstitial cells to produce testosterone in the testes	Released from posterior pituitary; causes uterine contractions
LH	Released from posterior pituitary; causes kidneys to conserve water	Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen and spermatogenesis in the testes.	Released from anterior pituitary; causes thyroid gland to synthesize thyroxine	>>Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovulation and interstitial cells to produce testosterone in the testes	Released from posterior pituitary; causes uterine contractions
Oxytocin	Released from posterior pituitary; causes kidneys to conserve water	Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen and spermatogenesis in the testes.	Released from anterior pituitary; causes thyroid gland to synthesize thyroxine	Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovulation and interstitial cells to produce testosterone in the testes	>>Released from posterior pituitary; causes uterine contractions
ADH	>>Released from posterior pituitary; causes kidneys to conserve water	Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen and spermatogenesis in the testes.	Released from anterior pituitary; causes thyroid gland to synthesize thyroxine	Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovulation and interstitial cells to produce testosterone in the testes	Released from posterior pituitary; causes uterine contractions
Prolactin	Raises blood Ca2+ levels	Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands	Increases metabolic rate	Lowers blood Ca2+ levels	>>Stimulates milk production
Oxytocin	Raises blood Ca2+ levels	>>Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands	Increases metabolic rate	Lowers blood Ca2+ levels	Stimulates milk production
Thyroxine	Raises blood Ca2+ levels	Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands	>>Increases metabolic rate	Lowers blood Ca2+ levels	Stimulates milk production
Calcitonin	Raises blood Ca2+ levels	Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands	Increases metabolic rate	>>Lowers blood Ca2+ levels	Stimulates milk production
Parathyroid hormone	>>Raises blood Ca2+ levels	Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands	Increases metabolic rate	Lowers blood Ca2+ levels	Stimulates milk production
Calcitonin	Adrenal cortex	>>Thyroid gland	Adrenal medulla	Pituitary gland	Parathyroid glands
Parathyroid hormone	Adrenal cortex	Thyroid gland	Adrenal medulla	Pituitary gland	>>Parathyroid glands
Adrenocorticotropic Hormones	Adrenal cortex	Thyroid gland	Adrenal medulla	>>Pituitary gland	Parathyroid glands
Glucocorticoids	>>Adrenal cortex	Thyroid gland	Adrenal medulla	Pituitary gland	Parathyroid glands
Epinephrine	Adrenal cortex	Thyroid gland	>>Adrenal medulla	Pituitary gland	Parathyroid glands
Pineal gland	>>Melatonin	Atrial natriuretic peptide	Testosterone	HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)	Thymosin
Testes	Melatonin	Atrial natriuretic peptide	>>Testosterone	HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)	Thymosin
Thymus	Melatonin	Atrial natriuretic peptide	Testosterone	HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)	>>Thymosin
Heart	Melatonin	>>Atrial natriuretic peptide	Testosterone	HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)	Thymosin
Placenta	Melatonin	Atrial natriuretic peptide	Testosterone	>>HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)	Thymosin
Melatonin	Associated with sexual maturity in males; needed for normal sperm production	Reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration by signaling the kidneys	>>Associated with drowsiness at night	Helps to sustain pregnancy	Essential for normal immune response
Testosterone	>>Associated with sexual maturity in males; needed for normal sperm production	Reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration by signaling the kidneys	Associated with drowsiness at night	Helps to sustain pregnancy	Essential for normal immune response
Thymosin	Associated with sexual maturity in males; needed for normal sperm production	Reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration by signaling the kidneys	Associated with drowsiness at night	Helps to sustain pregnancy	>>Essential for normal immune response
Atrial natriuretic peptide	Associated with sexual maturity in males; needed for normal sperm production	>>Reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration by signaling the kidneys	Associated with drowsiness at night	Helps to sustain pregnancy	Essential for normal immune response
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)	Associated with sexual maturity in males; needed for normal sperm production	Reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration by signaling the kidneys	Associated with drowsiness at night	>>Helps to sustain pregnancy	Essential for normal immune response
Adipose tissue	Erythropoietin	Gastrin	Cholecystokinin	>>Leptin	Cholecalciferol
Skin	Erythropoietin	Gastrin	Cholecystokinin	Leptin	>>Cholecalciferol
Kidney	>>Erythropoietin	Gastrin	Cholecystokinin	Leptin	Cholecalciferol
Duodenum of small intestine	Erythropoietin	Gastrin	>>Cholecystokinin	Leptin	Cholecalciferol
Stomach	Erythropoietin	>>Gastrin	Cholecystokinin	Leptin	Cholecalciferol
Leptin	Stimulates the stomach to release hydrochloric acid	>>Binds to CNS neurons concerned with appetite control	Stimulates the release of bile	Activated by the kidneys to Vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cells	Stimulates the production of red blood cells
Cholecalciferol	Stimulates the stomach to release hydrochloric acid	Binds to CNS neurons concerned with appetite control	Stimulates the release of bile	>>Activated by the kidneys to Vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cells	Stimulates the production of red blood cells
Erythropoietin	Stimulates the stomach to release hydrochloric acid	Binds to CNS neurons concerned with appetite control	Stimulates the release of bile	Activated by the kidneys to Vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cells	>>Stimulates the production of red blood cells
Cholecystokinin	Stimulates the stomach to release hydrochloric acid	Binds to CNS neurons concerned with appetite control	>>Stimulates the release of bile	Activated by the kidneys to Vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cells	Stimulates the production of red blood cells
Gastrin	>>Stimulates the stomach to release hydrochloric acid	Binds to CNS neurons concerned with appetite control	Stimulates the release of bile	Activated by the kidneys to Vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cells	Stimulates the production of red blood cells
Glucagon	>>Pancreas	Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)	Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)	Kidneys	Thyroid gland
TSH	Pancreas	Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)	>>Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)	Kidneys	Thyroid gland
Thyroxine	Pancreas	Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)	Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)	Kidneys	>>Thyroid gland
Renin	Pancreas	Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)	Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)	>>Kidneys	Thyroid gland
ADH	Pancreas	>>Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)	Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)	Kidneys	Thyroid gland
Glucagon	>>Increases the blood sugar level by stimulating the liver	Increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules	Increases red blood cell production	Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine	Increases the metabolic rate
TSH	Increases the blood sugar level by stimulating the liver	Increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules	Increases red blood cell production	>>Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine	Increases the metabolic rate
Thyroxine	Increases the blood sugar level by stimulating the liver	Increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules	Increases red blood cell production	Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine	>>Increases the metabolic rate
Erythropoietin	Increases the blood sugar level by stimulating the liver	Increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules	>>Increases red blood cell production	Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine	Increases the metabolic rate
ADH	Increases the blood sugar level by stimulating the liver	>>Increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules	Increases red blood cell production	Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine	Increases the metabolic rate
FSH & LH	Gonadocorticoids	>>Gonadotropins	Glucocorticoids	Mineralocorticoids
Cortisol	Gonadocorticoids	Gonadotropins	>>Glucocorticoids	Mineralocorticoids
Androgens	>>Gonadocorticoids	Gonadotropins	Glucocorticoids	Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone	Gonadocorticoids	Gonadotropins	Glucocorticoids	>>Mineralocorticoids
Gonadotropins	Increase blood levels of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids during stress	Produce masculinizing effects when produced in large quantities	>>Regulate functions of gonads in both sexes	Regulate Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys and thereby regulates other electrolyte levels
Glucocorticoids	>>Increase blood levels of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids during stress	Produce masculinizing effects when produced in large quantities	Regulate functions of gonads in both sexes	Regulate Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys and thereby regulates other electrolyte levels
Androgens	Increase blood levels of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids during stress	>>Produce masculinizing effects when produced in large quantities	Regulate functions of gonads in both sexes	Regulate Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys and thereby regulates other electrolyte levels
Mineralocorticoids	Increase blood levels of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids during stress	Produce masculinizing effects when produced in large quantities	Regulate functions of gonads in both sexes	>>Regulate Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys and thereby regulates other electrolyte levels
Posterior pituitary	Aldosterone	Epinephrine	Insulin	>>Antidiuretic hormone	Growth hormone
Anterior pituitary	Aldosterone	Epinephrine	Insulin	Antidiuretic hormone	>>Growth hormone
Pancreas	Aldosterone	Epinephrine	>>Insulin	Antidiuretic hormone	Growth hormone
Adrenal cortex	>>Aldosterone	Epinephrine	Insulin	Antidiuretic hormone	Growth hormone
Adrenal medulla	Aldosterone	>>Epinephrine	Insulin	Antidiuretic hormone	Growth hormone
Antidiuretic hormone	>>Causes kidneys to conserve water	Stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo mitosis	Increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys	Increases cell reactions during sympathetic response	Facilitates glucose transport into cells
Growth hormone	Causes kidneys to conserve water	>>Stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo mitosis	Increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys	Increases cell reactions during sympathetic response	Facilitates glucose transport into cells
Insulin	Causes kidneys to conserve water	Stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo mitosis	Increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys	Increases cell reactions during sympathetic response	>>Facilitates glucose transport into cells
Aldosterone	Causes kidneys to conserve water	Stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo mitosis	>>Increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys	Increases cell reactions during sympathetic response	Facilitates glucose transport into cells
Epinephrine	Causes kidneys to conserve water	Stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo mitosis	Increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys	>>Increases cell reactions during sympathetic response	Facilitates glucose transport into cells
Lowered levels of Ca2+ in the blood. (is Restored By)	Aldosterone	Calcitonin	Glucagon	Insulin	>>Parathyroid hormone
Too much Ca2+ in the blood (is Restored By)	Aldosterone	>>Calcitonin	Glucagon	Insulin	Parathyroid hormone
Elevated levels of blood sugar (is Restored By)	Aldosterone	Calcitonin	Glucagon	>>Insulin	Parathyroid hormone
Decreased levels of blood sugar (hypoglycemia) (is Restored By)	Aldosterone	Calcitonin	>>Glucagon	Insulin	Parathyroid hormone
Excessive loss of Na+ in extracellular fluids (is Restored By)	>>Aldosterone	Calcitonin	Glucagon	Insulin	Parathyroid hormone
The end of a nine month pregnancy (is Restored By)	Adrenal cortex	Pancreas	Parathyroid gland	>>Posterior pituitary	Anterior pituitary
Loss of Na+ from profuse sweating (is Restored By)	>>Adrenal cortex	Pancreas	Parathyroid gland	Posterior pituitary	Anterior pituitary
High blood sugar due to eating too many sweets (is Restored By)	Adrenal cortex	>>Pancreas	Parathyroid gland	Posterior pituitary	Anterior pituitary
Drop in blood levels of Ca2+ due to extreme inactivity (is Restored By)	Adrenal cortex	Pancreas	>>Parathyroid gland	Posterior pituitary	Anterior pituitary
Delayed or stunted growth (is Restored By)	Adrenal cortex	Pancreas	Parathyroid gland	Posterior pituitary	>>Anterior pituitary
Gigantism	Oversecretion of catecholamines	Insulin deficiency	Hyposecretion of ADH	>>Overproduction of GH	Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
Diabetes mellitus	Oversecretion of catecholamines	>>Insulin deficiency	Hyposecretion of ADH	Overproduction of GH	Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
Sympathetic nervous system overactivity	>>Oversecretion of catecholamines	Insulin deficiency	Hyposecretion of ADH	Overproduction of GH	Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
Grave''s disease	Oversecretion of catecholamines	Insulin deficiency	Hyposecretion of ADH	Overproduction of GH	>>Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
Diabetes insipidus	Oversecretion of catecholamines	Insulin deficiency	>>Hyposecretion of ADH	Overproduction of GH	Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
Zona reticularis	Mineralocorticoids	Glucocorticoids	>>Androgens	Insulin	Glucagon
Zona glomerulosa	>>Mineralocorticoids	Glucocorticoids	Androgens	Insulin	Glucagon
Zona fasciculata	Mineralocorticoids	>>Glucocorticoids	Androgens	Insulin	Glucagon
Beta cells	Mineralocorticoids	Glucocorticoids	Androgens	>>Insulin	Glucagon
Alpha cells	Mineralocorticoids	Glucocorticoids	Androgens	Insulin	>>Glucagon
Humoral	Axons cause hormone release	Hormone release is dependent upon other hormone levels	>>Monitoring blood levels of substances and correct them
Neural	>>Axons cause hormone release	Hormone release is dependent upon other hormone levels	Monitoring blood levels of substances and correct them
Hormonal	Axons cause hormone release	>>Hormone release is dependent upon other hormone levels	Monitoring blood levels of substances and correct them
An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland.	Pituitary dwarfism	Diabetes mellitus	Addison's disease	>>Graves' disease	Acromegaly
Hyposecretion of growth hormone.	>>Pituitary dwarfism	Diabetes mellitus	Addison's disease	Graves' disease	Acromegaly
Hyposecretion of the pancreas.	Pituitary dwarfism	>>Diabetes mellitus	Addison's disease	Graves' disease	Acromegaly
Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex.	Pituitary dwarfism	Diabetes mellitus	>>Addison's disease	Graves' disease	Acromegaly
Hypersecretion of growth hormone.	Pituitary dwarfism	Diabetes mellitus	Addison's disease	Graves' disease	>>Acromegaly
Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults.	Cretinism	>>Myxedema	Cushing's disease	Acromegaly
Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex.	Cretinism	Myxedema	>>Cushing's disease	Acromegaly
Hypersecretion of growth hormone.	Cretinism	Myxedema	Cushing's disease	>>Acromegaly
Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants.	>>Cretinism	Myxedema	Cushing's disease	Acromegaly
The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.	Parathyroid	Adrenal medulla	Pancreas	Thyroid	>>Hypophysis
The gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction.	Parathyroid	>>Adrenal medulla	Pancreas	Thyroid	Hypophysis
Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.	Parathyroid	Adrenal medulla	>>Pancreas	Thyroid	Hypophysis
Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue.	>>Parathyroid	Adrenal medulla	Pancreas	Thyroid	Hypophysis
Produces the body's major metabolic hormones.	Parathyroid	Adrenal medulla	Pancreas	>>Thyroid	Hypophysis
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808224_dynA.jpg	Receptor-hormone complex	>>Receptor-chaperonin complex	Molecular chaperones
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808224_dynB.jpg	Receptor-hormone complex	Receptor-chaperonin complex	>>Molecular chaperones
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808224_dynC.jpg	>>Receptor-hormone complex	Receptor-chaperonin complex	Molecular chaperones
http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808225_dynA.jpg	Hormonal	>>Humoral	Neural