Recovery 1300-1600
| Description: | Recovery and Expansion of Europe |
| Category: | European History |
| Created by: | laurynelizabeth on 2009-04-29 |
| Question | Answer |
| What were the effects of Hundred Years war? | A significant decrease in the population, a series of peasant rebellions, a more politically unified France, and an economically weaker England. |
| What was the Black Death? | An outbreak of plague in Europe that killed between one quarter and one-third of the population between 1347 and 1352 |
| Fifteenth century attempts by the cardinals to reform, reunite, and reinvigorate the Church are known as: | The Conciliar Movement |
| How were the fifteenth century armies differed from their predecessors? | They were composed of mercenary soldiers, they fought for pay and spoils rather than honor and feudal obligation, they relied on artillery and infantry more than on cavalry, and they created a greater need for taxes. |
| Of the the fifteenth century attempts by monarchs to consolidate and centralize power, the most successful was in: | Spain |
| In the fifteenth century, the Holy roman Emperor was elected how? | by a seven member council of German archbishops and nobles. |
| The era of daring exploration and discovery at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries was inspired by: | the search for gold and competition for the spice trade. |
| What was an effect of the creation of a Spanish Empire in the New World? | The establishment of a hierarchical social structure of Europe |
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Effects of the Hundred Years War:-disrupted agriculture, causing famine, disease, and a significant decrease in the population-it created an enormous tax burden that led to a series of peasant rebellions -It left France an economically devastated but more politically unified kingsom. -It weakened England economically, but it also led to the beginning of a textile industry upon which it would rebuild its economic strength. Disappearance of the Black Death:- the isolation that resulted from the fear of contagion weakened the traditional social bonds of society-the inability of the traditional authorities like the church and the nobility to do anything about the plague weakened respect for them among the lower classes. -The shortage of labor in some areas helped to spur the created of a textile industry as some land owners abandoned agricultural production in favor of sheep farming, thus producing greatly increased quantities of wool. A Weakened Papacy: The Conciliar Movement-The Great Schism: there were competing popes.-for the movement, there were attempts to reform, reunite, and reinvigorate the Church -Movement peaked with the collapse of the Council of Basel +it articulated and spread a belief that the Church must not neglect the needs of the faithful in pursuit of worldly power +It allowed secular governments-kings in England and France and local magistrates in Italian, German, and Swiss cities- to gain some measure of control over the churches in their lands. The Revival of Monarchy:-Monarchs hired mercenary soldiers rather than relying on the nobility to raise troops.-The armies became "professional," in that they fought for pay and spoils rather than honor and feudal obligation -The cavalry usually composed of nobles, became less important that artillery and infantry. -Larger professional armies increased costs, creating an even greater need for taxes. Power Struggles within the English Monarchy:-The House of Lancaster and the House of York were rival branches of the royal family.- The open warfare between the two has been called The War of Roses. -Accordingly, the process of centralizing power did not begin in England until the reign of the House of Tudor, which began when Henry Tudor defeated the forces of Richard II at the Battle of Bosworth Field. - Henry Tudor reigned as Henry VII. - Court of Star Chamber- A judicial innovation of Henry VII of England, designed to curb the independence of the nobility, whereby criminal charges brough against the nobility were judged by a court of the king's own councilors. A More Powerful Monarchy in France:-Curbing of the power of the French nobility allowed ministers of Charles VII to create a professional army and a strong governmental bureaucracy loyal to the kind. -Louis VI (Charles successor) used that army and bureaucracy to defeat the last of rivals, the Duke of Burgundy. -After that, Louie used the bureaucracy to grow trade and industry, mostly silk production based in the city of Lyon. Germany:-Less successful in centralization, as was Italy.-ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor, elected by a seven member council consisting of the archbishops. -Reichstag- a kind of legislative body that included the seven electors, the remaining princes, and reps of 65 important free cities. Fragmented Power in Italy-Organized into city-states. The Rise of Spain-Centralization most successful in Spain after the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon who united two previously unruly kingdoms.-Asserted complete control over the Church -Ended a period of toleration of Muslims and Jews, establishing Inquisition to enforce their conversion to Christianity. -Sponsored voyages of Christopher Columbus who "discovered" the New World for Europeans and setting in motion a chain of events that would lead to the establishment of a Spanish Empire in Mexico and Peru. Exploration and Expansion-The Portuguese Prince, Henry the Navigator, sponsored exploration of the African Coast.-Soon, Euro powers came to understand that there was also gold to be had in the selling of spices imported from India : The Spice Trade. Explorers::+ Bartholomew Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope + Vasco da Gama extended Portuguese trade by reaching the coast of India and returning with cargo that earned his investors a 60% profit. + Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian sailing for Spain and Portugal, helped to show that the land discovered by Columbus was not in the Far East, but rather was a new continent that the German cartographer Martin Waldseemuler dubbed "America" in his honor +Ferdinand Magellan set a new route to the Spice Islands. In 1522, the he completed the first circumnavigation of the globe returning to Spain without Magellan, who has been killed in the Philippines. The Spanish Empire in the New World-Hernan Cortes landed on the Mexico coast and soon marched on the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and imprisoned the leader of Montezuma. Defeated the aztecs and the empire was declaired New Spain. -Francisco Pizarro landed on the western coast of South America, and subdued the Incas. Lasting Effects on the New World from Spain+ The establishment of Roman Catholicism + the establishment of economic dependence between the New World and Europe + the establishment of a hierarchical social structure in the cultures of the New World Effects on Spain-A steady rise in prices and inflation -A rise of a wealthy merchant class -Raised expectations for quality of life |
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