| Question |
Answer |
| 4 functions of the respiratory system |
exchange gases, regulate pH, protect pathogens/irritants, vocalization |
| upper respiratory system |
mouth, nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx |
| lower respiratory system |
trachea, primary bronchioles, alveloi |
| inspiratory muscles |
external intercostals, sternocleidomastoids, scalenes |
| expiratory muscles |
internal intercostals, abdominals |
| processes of external respiration |
3exchanges-air between lungs & atm, O2& CO2 lungs and blood,gases blood & cells Transport O2 & CO2 by blood |
| Oxygen molecule from air to lung |
mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx,trachea, primary bronchi, branching bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
| functions of pleural fluid |
allow membranes to slide across each other, holds lungs tight against thoracic wall |
| Alveolar type I cells |
exchange gases |
| Alveolar type II cells |
secrete surfactant |
| Boyle's Law |
breathing decrease volume=increase pressure |
| Law of Laplace |
Larger Alveoli have Lower pressure |
| Dalton's Law |
EGAD-exchange of gas is dalton's |
| respiratory system created volume change |
diaphram contracts, volume up, relaxes, volume down |
| The maximum volume of air that can be forcibly expired after normal expiration |
expiratory reserve volume |
| The maximum volume of air that can be forcibly ispired after normal inspiration |
inspiratory reserve volume |
| The volume of air that remains in the respiratory system afer a forced expiration |
residual volume |
| The volume of air moved during normal quiet breathing |
tidal volume |
| Vital capacity(VC) air moved in/out per min |
IRV+ERV+TV |
| Total lung capacity(TLC)vol air in lungs after max inhalation |
IRV+TV+ERV+RV |
| Functional residual capacity(FRC) vol air left after tidal exhalation |
ERV+RV |
| Inspiratory capacity(IC) vol inhaled after tidal expiration |
IRV+TV |
| components to conditioning air before reaches alveoli |
warm air, add moisture, filter foreign mat. |
| physical properties of lungs |
compliance(stretch)elasticity(recoil)surface tension(pressure w/in alveoli) |
| Air moves from |
high to low pressure |
| forced expiration muscles |
internal intercostals, abs |
| function of surfactant |
prevents surface tension from collapsing alveoli |
| bronchoconstriction |
decreased diameter & increased resistance |
| bronchodialation |
increased diameter & decreased resistance |
| parameters that regulate diameter of bronchiles |
paracrines, nervous system control, hormones |
| CO2 & epi |
bronchodialation |
| histamine & parasympathetic NS |
bronchoconstriction |
| receptor epi binds to in brochioles |
B2 |
| total pulmonary ventilation |
volume of air moved into & out of lungs/min |
| alveolar ventilation |
volume of air reaching alveoli/min |
| anatomic dead space |
volume of air that does NOT reach alveoli |
| Ventilation-perfusion matching in lungs |
local regulation of airflow & blood flow changing diameter of arterioles & bronchioles |
| bronchiole diameter as CO2 increases |
bronchodialation |
| pulmonary arteriole diameter as O2 decreases |
contstrict |
| apnea |
cessation of breathing |
| dyspnea |
difficulty breathing |
| factors that influend diffusion of gases between alveoli & blood |
surface areas of alveoli, diffusion distance, membrance thickness, [c] gradient of gas |
| O2 transported to the blood |
98% bound to Hb, 2% in plasma |
| structure of Hb |
4 globular protein + 1 heme |
| chemical element essential for Hb synthesis |
Fe |
| hypoxia |
too little O2 |
| hypercapnia |
too much CO2 |
| categories of problems from hypoxia |
inadequate O2 to alveoli, prob O2 exchange between alveoli & pulm caps, inadequate transport O2 in blood |
| Alveolar PO2 low because of |
high altitude or hypoventilation |
| relationship between altitude and PO2 |
increase in altitude, decrease in PO2 |
| anemic hypoxia |
Hb with low O2(blood loss, anemia, CO poisoning) |
| ischemic hypoxia |
reduction in blood flow (heart failure,shock) |
| histotoxic hypoxia |
failure of cells to use O2 properly(cyanide poisoning) |
| oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve |
gives % Hb sites that have bound O2 at diff PO2 loading and unloading of O2x=resting cell y= % O2 sat of Hb |
| causes shift to left on oxyhemoglobin curve |
O2 not bound to Hb-O2 increased affinity of Hb for O2 |
| causes shift to right on oxyhemoglobin curve |
increase in CO2-decreased affinity of Hb for O2 |
| 3 ways CO2 transported in blood |
HCO3, dissolved CO2(plasma, carbaminohemoglobin(binds to) |
| equation in which CO2 converted into HCO3 |
Co2 + H2O yields H2Co3 yeilds H + HCO3 |
| enzyme that catalyzes CO2 conversion |
carbonic anhydrase(CA) |
| chloride shift |
CO2 diffuses into RBC ain in Cl ion inside blood, shifts rxn right RBC become more + HCO3 diffuses into blood |
| where reverse chloride shift occurs |
alveoli |
| relationship between CO2 and pH levels in blood |
CO2 increases pH decreases-inverse relationship |
| respiratory acidosis |
increased CO2 retention-accum of carbonic acid & drop in pH |
| respiratory alkalosis |
too little CO2 increase in pH (hyperventilate) |
| central chemoreceptors |
medulla-CO2, PO2, pH- increases ventilation |
| peripheal chemoreceptors |
carotid/aortic bodies-PO2, pH, PCO2-increase ventilation |
| respiratory center |
located in medulla and pons (CNS) |
| central chemoreceptors respond to increased PCO2 |
increase PCO2=decreased pH of CSF receptors in medulla send messages to respiratory center medulla send signal via motor neurons to resp nucleus and ventilation increases |
| functions of kidneys |
regulate extracellular fluid volume & BP, reg somolarity, mainain ion balance, homeostatic reg of pH, excrete wasited, produce hormones |
| structures of urinary system in sequence |
kids, ureters, bladder, urethra |
| 3 filtration barriers cross move from plasma into Bowman's cap |
glomeruli consists of fenestrated caps, basal lamina, podocytes |
| forces promote glomerular filtration |
hydrostatic of glomerus |
| forces oppose glomerular filtration |
colloid pressure, hydrostatic fluid pressure inside Bowman's cap |
| GCF |
Glomerular Filtration Rate - 125mL/min or 180L/day |
| cortical nephrons |
almost completely contained w/in cortex |
| juxtamedullary nephrons |
long loops of H dip down into medulla, vasta recta here |
| renal corpuscle |
combo of glomerulus and Bowman's cap |
| renal portal system |
afferent art to glomeruli to efferent art to peritubular caps |
| average amount of urine leaves body per day |
1-2L min 400 mL |
| filtration fraction |
% of total plasma volume that is filtered into nephron |
| factors that influence GFR most |
net filtration pressure, filtration coefficient |
| relationship between BP and GFR |
BP up GFR up |
| mechanisms that goven autoregulation of GFR |
myogenic response, tubloglomerular feedback, hormones & automoatic hormones |
| myogenic response |
maintain constant GFR at local level |
| hormones that influence arteriolar resistance |
Angiotensin II, prostoglandin |
| NS that innvervates afferent arteriole |
sympathetic |
| ion that plays key role in bulk reabsorption proximal tubule |
Na+ |
| transepithelial transport |
substances cross both apical and basolateral membrane |
| paracellular pathway |
substances pass through th junction between two adjacent cells |
| properites of mediated transport |
saturation, competition, specificity |
| below saturation, the rate of transport is propotional to |
[substrate] |
| The rated of trasnport at saturation is also know as |
transport maximum |
| For a particular substance, plasma concentration at which that substrate first appears in the urine is known as the |
renal threshold |
| does filtration exhibit saturation |
NO |
| glucose in the urine |
glycosuria |
| renal excretion formula |
filtration - reabsorption + secretion |
| In renal secretion, molecules move from the ___ to the ____ |
EC fluid, nephron |
| renal clearance |
rate at which a solute disappears from the body by excretion on metabolism |
| micturition |
urination |
| NS involved in micturition reflex |
Parasymp-contracts bladder, somatic moroe-controls external sphincter |
| 2 sphincters in micturition |
internal, external |
| electolytes that must be regulated by body |
Na, K, Ca, H, HCO3 |
| Ascending L of H permeability to H2O & NaCl |
permeable to NaCl and K+, impermeable to H2O |
| Descending L of H permeability to H2O & NaCl |
only H2O absorbed |
| ion primary determinant of ECF volume |
Na+ |
| ion primary determinant of pH |
H--makes more acidic |
| Vasopressin |
net result=h2O reabsorp acts in collecting duct |
| What causes vasopressin to be released from post. pit |
decreased BP or increased ECF osmolarity |
| countercurrent multiplier |
arrangement of L of H that concentrates solute in renal medulla. |
| addition of NaCl raises osmolarity |
triggers vasopressin & thirst |
| vasa recta |
surrounds loop and removes H2O and NaCl is recycled |
| effects of angiotensin II beyond stimulating aldosterone secretion |
affects BP, vasoconstrictor, stimulates thirst,increases symp activity to heart & bv |
| ANP |
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide produced in atria of heart |
| stimulus for ANP secretion and effects |
stretch of atria stimulates and it enhances Na+ and H2O loss |
| hyperkalemia |
too much K+ |
| hypokalemia |
too little K+ |
| what happens when K concentrations are out of balance |
cardiac arrhythmias |
| how does body compensate for decrease in BP(dehydration) |
baroreceptors increase by vasoconstriction increase HR, increase contraction of heart, vasopressin released decreases BP |
| mechanisms body uses to cope with pH changes |
1st-buffers 2nd-ventilation 3rd renal regulation of H+ and HCO3 |
| how kidneys alter pH |
acidosis-secrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3 alkadosis-reabsorb H+ and secrete HCO3 |
| mechanisms activated when blood osmolarity increases(dehydration) |
hypo stimulates vasopressin reabsorbtion of H2O(collecting duct) to blood conserve H2O and thirst initiated |
Ch.18 LTI-MA 509
