| Question |
Answer |
| Location and shape of Kidneys |
Bean shaped. Behind peritoneal cavity, below diaphragm. Cephaled poles = T12, and Caudal poles = L3...RETROPERITONEAL |
| Anatomy of the Kidney |
Adrenal glands- hormones, Renal artery and vein, Ureters- urine to bladder |
| Components of the Kidney |
Cortex- DARK OUTER, Medulla- PALE INNER, Renal Pyramids- 8-12 converge in to the Papillary Ducts to Major and Minor Calyces make up the Renal pelvis |
| Blood Vessles of Kidney |
Renal Art, Interlobar Art, Arcuate Art, Interlobular Art, Afferent Arterioles, Glomerulus, Efferent, Peritubular Cap, Interlobular Vein, Arcuate V, Interlobar, V, Renal V |
| Nepheron |
functional unit of kidney. analgous to acinus |
| Glomerulus |
network of up to 50 parallel capillaries branch from afferent art. |
| Bowman's Capsule |
C- shaped expanded end of renal tubule holds glomerulus. Function = FILTER |
| Nephron Components |
Glomerulus, Bowman's Cap, Proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal tubule, Collecting duct |
| 2 Capillary Beds of Nephron |
Glomerular, Peritubular |
| Function of Glomerulus |
Ultrafilter of Blood. mean P 55 |
| Function of Peritubular Capillary |
Tubular secretion, Tubular reabsorption |
| 3 Processes of the Nephron |
Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Secretion, Tubular Reabsorption |
| Normal Glomerular Fitration Rate (GFR) |
125ml/minute |
| Urine Output |
60ml/hour or 1ml/minute |
| Glomerular Filtraion in relation to Pressure |
Glom BP 55mmHg, BowCap fluid P -15, Osmotic P -30 = NET FILTRATION PRESSURE 10mmHg |
| Glomerular Blood Vessels |
AFFERENT ART- constriction = Decrease GFR, dilate = increase GFR...EFFERENT ART- constriction = increase GFR, dilate = decrease GFR |
| Reabsorption of Renal tubules |
Out of Tubules and into Peritubular Cap...Glucose, Sodium, Calcium, Amino Acids |
| Secretion of Renal Tubules |
Out of Peritubular Cap in to Tubules....Creatinine |
| Water Transport of Tubular System |
Osmosis- 80% H2O reasbsorption occurs in Proximal Tubule via Osmosis. Glucose, Sodium and Chloride have strong influence |
| Transport Maximum |
MAX rate for a substance that is SECRETED or REABSORBED via active transport (TM) |
| TM of Glucose |
320mg/min |
| TM of Creatinine |
16mg/min |
| Tubular secretion of urea BUN Normal |
Plasma BUN 8-18mg/dL |
| Tubular Secretion of Creatinine Normal |
Plasma Creatinine 0.6-1.2mg/dL |
| AnitDiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
Secreted by Posterior Pituitary Gland, Influenced by Serum Osmolarity, Increase Osmol. triggers ADH release which DECREASES Urine output= WATER RETENTION |
| Total Body WATER |
Males-60%, Females 50%, Newborn-75% |
| MILLIMOLE (mmol) |
1/1000 of a mole, molecular or atomic weight in milligrams |
| MILLIEQUIVALENT (mEq)IONIC Charge |
1/1000 of Equivalent. Ionized substances. Electrolytes, Cations, anions |
| MILLIOSMOLE (mOsm) |
1/1000 of osmole. How much solute you have in plasma. Glucose and Protein exert great osmotic influence |
| Major Intracellular Cations and concentration |
K-150mEq/L, Mg-25mEq/L, Na-15mEq/L |
| Major Intracellular Anions and conc. |
HPO4(Phosphate)-100mEq/L, Pr(Proteinate)-60, SO4(Sulfate)-20 |
| Major Plasma Cations and conc. |
Na-140, K-5, Ca-5 |
| Major Plamsa Anions and conc. |
Cl-105, HCO3-24 |
| Anions Gap |
to see if metabolic imbalance. Sub HCO3 and Cl from Na and K. Normal = 10-20mEq/L |
| Clinical significance of Anion Gap |
if >22= METABOLIC ACIDOSIS |
| Normal Serum Osmolarity |
275-300 mOsm/L |
| What determines Serum Osmolarity |
Sodium, Glucose and BUN |
| Loop Diuretics (LASIX)FAST AND POWERFUL |
inhibit reabsorption of Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride in Henle. |
| Thiazide Diuretics SLOWER |
Inhibit tubular reabsorption of Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride in distal tube. Bicarb is reabsorbed = METABOLIC ALKALOSIS |
| Osmotic Diuretics (MANNITOL) |
PULL a lot of fluid. Large molecular substance pass into tubules thru glomerular membrane and are not reabsorbed |
| ALDOSTERONE |
adrenal hormone- Increases Sodium reabsorption and Potassium secretion in response to Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia, Hypovolemia, Decreased CO |
| Phosphate Buffer FAST, NOT LONG LASTING |
to prevent acidosis, gets rid of extra H ions by forming a salt |
| Ammonia Buffer SLOWER, LONG LASTING |
gets rid of extra H ions by forming a salt, synthesized in Renal tubules, effective for long term acidosis |
| Cause of Resp ACIDOSIS |
Central nervous system depression, anesthesia, sedative drugs, narcotic analgesics, barbituates, Restricive disorders like obesity and kyphoscoliosis, COPD |
| Causes of Resp ALKALOSIS |
Anxiety, Stimulant drugs, Pain, Stim of J receptor=rapid shallow breathing, Pain, Pulm. Vascvular disease, Athsma |
| Causes of Met. Acidosis |
Loss of Base/Bicarb, diarrhea, Renal tubular acidosis, Gain of Acid - Diabetic ketoacidosis, Lactic acid. alcohol keto. |
| Causes of Met. Alkalosis |
Increase in Base-Diuretic therapy, Loss of fixed acid- Severe vomitting, Naso suction |
Beef Production
