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Ch 17 & 18 Bios 254
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 important functions of capillary filtration and resorption. | communication plasma & interstitial fluid; speeds distrib. nutrients/hormones/dissolved gases->tissues; move insol. lipids/tissue proteins that can't cross cap. wall; carries bact. toxins/chem. stimuli 2 lymph. tiss./organs resp. 4 immunity |
| What color are veins? Why? | Blue - carry deoxygenated blood, |
| What type of membrane does an artery have? | Internal/External elastic, |
| Describe the media | Thick with smooth muscle and elastic fibers, |
| Describe externa | Contains collagen and elastic fibers, |
| What are the 5 characteristics of a typical vein? | "Usually flattenned with a thin wall; Endothelium is often smooth; Internal/External elastic membrane absent; Media is thin with smooth muscle and collagen fibers; Externa has collagen, elastic fibers and smooth muscle.", |
| Characteristics of a continuous capillary: (7 total) | "Epithelium is complete - No Holes; Permits diffusion-H20, small solutes & lipid-soluble materials; in all tissues except cartilage; Avg. diameter 8 micro mm-> allows blood cells thru single file.; No Media/Externa; No Proteins |
| The Characteristics of a fenestrated capillary are: (3 total) | "Capillary walls contain windows (many openings); Permits rapid exchange of large peptides; Choroid plexus of brain - endocrine glands", |
| What are sinusoids and what do they do? | "Gaps between adjacent endothelial cells and basal lamina; Permits free exchange of large proteins; Found in Liver, bone marrow, spleen, pituitary and adrenal glands.", |
| What is interstitium? | The area that holds fluid within a tissue., |
| What are venous valves? | "They are found in smaller veins that cannot overcome the force of gravity in order to return blood. They only allow blood flow in one direction (towards the heart); Muscles act as a blood pump.", |
| What is the distribution of blood within the body? | "30% (1.5 Litres) in heart, arteries & capillaries 70% (3.5 Litres) in the venous system - 1/3 of venous blood can be found in liver, bone marrow and skin", |
| What is venous reserve? | "Amount of extra blood in liver, skin and lungs which can be shifted to general circulation.", |
| What is the primary drive for exchange between blood and interstitium? | Capillary pressure, |
| Neural and hormonal regulation controls what? (3) | "Cardiac output; venous pressure; peripheral |
| Describe the relationship of flow with pressure and resistance? | "Flow is directly related to pressure. If pressure increases flow increases. Flow is inversely related to resistance. If resistance increases the flow will decrease.", |
| What is the relationship of Reistance and radius. | They are exponentially related. If radius is increased a little bit - the resistance will go down dramatically and vice versa., |
| What is the measurement for blood pressure? | mmHg, |
| What is the mean arterial blood pressure? | It's the average of systolic and diastolic pressure., |
| What are the blood solutes? | "Molecules that are dissolved in blood. ie. albumin, nacl etc...", |
| What is hydrostatic pressure? | "Results from the heart contracting; Water is pushed across the capillary into the interstitium.", |
| How do you calculate pulse pressure? | Systolic minus diastolic pressure., |
| How do you calculate Mean Arterial Pressure? | 1/3 Pulse Pressure + diastolic., |
| Define diffusion in blood. What diffuses in blood? | "Diffusion - the movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration; In blood - everything but plasma proteins move.", |
| Define Filtration. On which side of the heart does filtration occur? | "Hydrostatic pressure pushes water, Na, and glucose across capillary membrane into the interstitium; This occurs on the arterial side.", |
| Define vasodilation and name 4 causes. | "Vasodilation is the opening of a vessel. |
| Vasodilators are | Lactic acid; Decreased tissue oxygen levels; elevated local temperature; Increased CO2 levels", |
| Define vasoconstrictor and what may cause this. | "Vasoconstriction is the closing of a vessel. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes released by platelets and white blood cells.", |
| Colloid Osmosis is: | A concentration of molecules in a fluid., |
| What are 3 homeostatic mechanisms used in cardiovascular regulation? | "Autoregulation; Neural Mechanisms; Endocrine mechanisms", |
| What is a baroreceptor? | Baroreceptors in carotid sinuses and aortic sinuses monitor the blood pressure., |
| What is atrial reflex? | "The right atrium baroreceoptor monitors right atrial pressure. It adjusts cardiac output to match venous return.", |
| "In neural regulation, What is responsible for vasoconstriction?" | Sympathetic adrenergic secretion, |
| What are chemoreceptors? | "In carotid bodies, they monitor Oxygen, Carbon dioxide and pH levels. They are involved in respiratory activities.", |
| What hormones stimulate cardiac output and vasoconstriction? | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine., |
| Define Phlebitis | Infalmation of a vein, |
| What happens to the descending aorta at or near the belly button? | It splits into the right and left common iliac., |
| What does the superior mesenteric artery feed into? | Small intestine., |
| What does the inferior mesenteric artery feed into? | Left side of colon, |
| Where are the intercostal arteries found? | They lie along the ribs., |
| What are the great vessels? | Left and Right common catotid and left and right subclavian, |
| What are the 2 important functions of capillary filtration & resorption? | communication of plasma & interstitial fluid; carry bacterial toxins & chemical stimuli to lymphoid tissues and organs for immunity |
| What are the other 2 important functions of capillary filtration & resporption? | Move insoluble lipids & tissue proteins that can't cross the capillary wall; speeds distrib. nutrients/hormones/dissolved gases throughout tissues |
Created by:
azcerkic