| Question |
Answer |
| Where is the site of production of blood cells? |
In the bone marrow |
| Where do all blood cells develop from? |
A common stem cell |
| What is bone marrow? |
soft material that fills the core of bones |
| What are the three functions of blood? |
Transportation: oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Regulation:fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance. Protective role:coagulation & fighting infections. |
| Erythopoiesis |
Production of RBC's |
| Erythopoiesis is controlled by.... and synthesized by...? |
Controlled by a hormone and synthesized by the kidneys |
| What condition can cause anemia r/t the kidney? |
Kidney disease |
| What do RBC's do? |
transport gases; maintains acid-base balance |
| What are the functions of the spleen? |
produces RBC's, filters out old RBC's, filters out microorganisms, stores lymphocytes and monocytes, and stores platelets. |
| When does the spleen produce RBC's? |
During fetal development |
| What are lymph nodes? |
Clumps of lymphatic tissue |
| What are the functions of the lymph system? |
Carries lympth fluid from the interstitial spaces to the blood, removes proteins and fat from the GI tract to the circulatory system, returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood. |
| The liver acts as a ....? |
FILTER |
| What does the liver do r/t clotting? |
Produces all the clotting factors necessary for homeostasis and blood coagulation. |
| What FACTORS leading to anemia? |
A deficiency in the number of RBC's, the quantity of hemoglobin, and/or the volume of packed RBC's. |
| T/F? Anemia is a disease determined by lab findings. |
FALSO! Anemia is NOT a disease. But CAN be determined by lab findings. |
| Anemia can lead to ...what?...r/t the tissue? |
anemia can lead to tisse hypoxia |
| What are the three CAUSES of anemia? |
decreased erythrocyte production, blood loss, increased erthrocyte destruction. |
| Mild anemia indications what values r/t hemoglobin? |
10-14 hemoglobin levels indicate mild anemia |
| Moderate anemia indicates hemoglobin values to be...? |
6-10 |
| Severe anemia shows hemoglobin values to be ranging at? |
less than 6 |
| What S&S will a Pt be experiencing if they had mild to moderate anemia? |
Pale, palpitations, and exertional dyspnea |
| Severe anemic Pt's will experience which S&S? |
Tachycardia, impaired thought processes, wt loss, lethargy, and anorexia. |
| What age group is anemia most common in? |
Older adults |
| Since older adults experience anemia more commonly than others, what factors r/t age determine this fact? |
Older adults experience chronic disease and poor nutrition. The aging process itself is a possibility. The general population can experience anema if they also have chronic disease and poor nutrition. |
| Reticulocyte |
immature RBC |
| Hemolysis |
RBC breakdown |
| How long do RBC survive in the blood? |
120 days |
| What is the normal percentage for neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes? |
N = 55-70%; L = 20-40%; Monocytes = 5-10%; E = 1-4%; B = 0-1% |
| If the vascular system is affected by oxygen perfusion what S&S will a Pt experience? |
HTN, syncope, or fatigue |
| Cardiac Output |
amnt of blood pumped by the heart ea minute |
| What is the normal amnt of cardiac output in a resting adult? |
4-8 Liters |
| What two factors r/t cardiac output? |
Heart rate and stroke volume |
| Stroke volume |
amnt of blood the heart ejects with ea beat |
| CO = ? X ? |
Cardiac outout= HR X SV |
| preload |
amnt of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, before the next contraction; r/t amnt of "stretch" & amnt of contractility |
| Afterload |
peripheral resistance again which the L ventricle must pump |
| Distribution of blood flow (arteries, capillaries, veins), tissue perfusion, and blood are a part of which system? |
Vascular system |
| what is tissue perfusion? |
flow of blood through the body tissues |
| How will a nurse assess for tissue perfusion? |
By cking skin temp; color of skin, mucous membranes, nailbeds; capillary refill; palpation of pulses; edema; hair distribution; BP |
| what are the three effects of aging r/t cardiac function? (Not physiologically) |
Atherosclerosis, HTN, and cardiac failure. |
| Due to cardiac failure, HTN, and atheroschlerosis from the effects of aging, what physiologically will happen to the body as a results of these normal changes? |
decreased cardiac contractility, decreased response to increased work, decreased number of pacemake cells, valve incompetence, and increased BP. |
| What are the unmodifiable risk factors of CAD? |
age, gender, ethnicity, and genetic influence |
| What are the modifiable risk factors that are not contributing that are associated with CAD? |
increased lipids, HTN, smoking, obesity, physical activity |
| Which are the contributing modifiable factors assoc with CAD? |
Diabetes and stress |
| Percentage of ppl who have primary HTN? What is cause? |
90-95% without identified cause |
| What is the prehypertension guidelines? |
120/80-139/90 |
| With fatigue, subjective sensation leads to a loss of what? |
Endurance |
| How will fatigue affect the heart? |
frequently indicates a worsening of the chronic cardiac process |
| T/F: A nurse can use a 1-10 scale to assess. |
TRUE |
| Syncope |
brief loss of consciousness |
| Syncope may be... due to cardiac arrhythmia, or orthostatic hypotension? |
vasovagal |
| What does the heart needs after syncope? |
A cardiac workup |
| What are the findings that may indicate cardiovascular problems? |
chest pain, fluid retention, irregular HR, fatigue, syncope, tenderness in calf, and altered neurological function |
mr. charles11
