Human Development

Description:	Human Development Theories
Category:	Psychology
Created by:	insanexrockchic on 2009-03-22

Question	Answer
What is human growth & development?	The scientific way in which people change, as well as characteristics that remain fairly constant throughout life.
What are the four goals of the scientific study of Human Development?	DEMP: Describe, Explain, Modify & Predict behaviour.
Physical development	Growth of body, brain, weight, height. Sensory capacities. Motor skills (hand eye coordination) For example: A child with frequent ear infections may develop language more slowly than a child without this problem.
Cognitive development	Change or stability in mental activites such as: learning - attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, creativity.
Psychosocial development	Change or stability in emotions, personality and social relationships. Emotional development, personality + social development. Impact of family and society on the individual.
Influences on development 1	Heredity - Inborn influences, genes inheritied from parents.
Influences on development 2	Environment - non genenetic influences, external to the self. (nurture)
Influences on development 3	Maturation - Genetically influenced, age related. Sequence of physical changes & behaviour patterns. Eg. Toilet training.
Paul B Baltes life span approach of Human Development	Development is life long, occurs though all domains (cognitive, etc) involves gain + loss. Modifiable + influenced by history and cultural context.
Qualitative research	Non numerical data. Pt's perspective of pain. Beliefs, experiences, attitudes, behaviour, interactions.
Quantitative Research	The scientific method. Generates numerical data. Or data that can be converted into numbers.
Correlational studies	Explore statistical connection between disease in diff. population groups and estimated exposure in groups rather than indivduals.
Longitudinal Studies	Over a long amount of time, follows the same group/person.
Cross sectional studies	Takes place at one point of time.
Cross sequential studies	Involves a comparison of two seperate but equivilant longitudinal studies.
Psychoanalytic Perspective	Unconcious forces motivate behaviour and shape development.
Psychoanalytic theorist Sigmund Freud	Stages of psychosexual development. Involving ID, EGO, SUPER EGO.
Psychoanalytic theorist Erik Erikson	Stages of psycosocial development involving the eight stages of man.
Learning Perspective	Development results from learning based on experience. Adaptation to the environment & experience
Learning theorist Ivan Pavlov	Classical conditioning - learning by association. Stimulus
Learning theorist BF Skinner	Operant conditioning - modifying behaviour involving reinforcers.
Social Learning theory	Behaviour is modelled after copying, immitating others.
Social learning theorist	Albert Bandura - modelling, observational learning.
Cognitive perspective	Focuses on the thought processes and the behaviour that reflects those processes.
Cognitive theorists Jean Piaget	Cognitive stage theory. 1. Sensor motor2. Preoperational3. Concrete Operational4. Formal operational. Also assimilation, adaptation
Schemes	Organised patterns of behaviour that a person uses to think about and act in a situation
Assimilation	Taking new info and incorporating it into existing structures.
Accommodation	Changing ones idea to include new info with the old info.
Electic Perpsective	Parts of all theories have some relevance to HD
Socio cultural theory Lev Vygotsky	How socia interaction with adults can fufil a childs potential for learning. Info processing approach. Scaffolding, Zone of proximal dev.
Contextual Perspective	Indivdual inseparable from the environment
Contextual theorist Urie Bronfenbrenner	Environmental infulence. Individual Develops within a complex system of relationships affected by the environment.
Microsystem Bronfenbrenner	Indivual interacts wtih others everyday - family, school peers, work place, neighbour hood.
Mesosystem Bronfenbrenner	Interlocking between two or more microsystems. eg. religious place + family.
Exosystem Bronfebrenner	Links between two or more systems not including the individual. eg. Education system to government system.
Macrosystem Bronfenbrenner	Societys overall cultural patterns
Chronosystem Bronfenbrenner	Effects of time on other developmental systems.