| Question |
Answer |
| What is xanthelasma? |
depositions of lipids in upper and lower eyelids. ABNORMAL lipid metabolism |
| What is ptosis? |
dropping of the upper eyelid (CNIII) |
| What is Blepharitis? |
inflammation of the eyelid with associated crusting and itching. Caused by infection or autoimmune conditions. Expect so tbe more generalized than a stye or chalazion |
| What is hordeolum? |
stye. Infection of the sebaceious glands at the base of eyelashes. Usually staph. Painful |
| What is chalazion? |
a blockage of the meibomian glands on the endge of th eyelid. NOT painful |
| What is the conjunctiva? |
clear membrane as opposed to the white sclera covering the eye surface. Keeps the eye most and serves as a barrier to microbial invasion |
| What is conjunctivitis? |
inflammation of the conjunctivae caused by infection or allergic reactions. Usually associated with an erythematous, cobblestoned appearance, especially on the posterior surface of the eyelid |
| What is the arcus senilis of the Cornea |
ring around the edge of the cornea caused by lipid deposition. Normal finding in patients > 60 y/o. |
| What is the corneal light reflex? |
shine penlight directly at patient's eyes. Look for the reflection off the cornea. It should shine equally on the nasal portion of each cornea. Aysmmetry indicates strabismus or amblyopia |
| What is strabismus? |
patient cannot focus both eyes on an object simultaneiously. May have defvfaion of one eye out of position. Called lazy eye |
| What is exopthalmos? |
bulging eyes. Increased volume of orbital content.
if bilateral, commonly associated with hyperthyroidism. Grave's disease is a common cause of autoimmune induced hyperthyroidism especially in women
If UNILATERAL suspect retro-orbital tumor or mass |
| Waht is anisocoria? |
unequeal pupils
Normal in 20% of people but may be associated with destruction of teh sympathetic or parasympathetic pathways during trauma |
| What is miosis |
pinpoint pupils
Opiod abuse |
| What is mydriasis |
abnormally dilated pupils.
midbrain lesions, hypoxia, CN III damage. Acute angle glaucoma, drug abuse |
| What should you suspect if the pupils fail to constrict? |
PSNS problems |
| What should you suspect if pupils fail to dilate |
think SNS problems |
| What is horner's syndrome? |
hi-sided loss of cervical sympathetic innervation to face and eye. Results in ipsilateral ptosis, miosis, vasodiation and anhydrosis.
May be congenital, trauma or cancer |
| What is CN III Palsy |
damage to CN III which results in ptosis, mydriasis and abducation and depression of the pupil |
| What is cataracts? |
clouding or increased opacity of teh lens leading to blurring of loss of vision.
Risk factors: increased age, corticosteroid use, UV light exposure, smoking, diabetes |
| What is retinoblastoma |
malignant tumor of the retina often found in children < 2 yo. usually present with loss of the reflex in the affected eye adn replacement with a white reflex instead |
| What is glaucoma? |
disease consisting of damage to the optic nerve usually caused by increased intr-ocular pressure frmo blocked exit of the aqueous humor fromt eh anterior chamber of the eye |
| What is open angle glaucoma? |
chronic glaucoma
Trabecular meshwork becomes blocked over time.
Often asymptomatic except for gradual loss of vision over a period of years.
tiny blind spot appear at teh edges of teh visual field. colored halos around lights |
| Waht is closed angle glaucoma? |
opening between the cornea and iris narrows resulting in a rapid buildup of pressure.
Intense ocular pain, blurred vision, visual halows, red eyes, dilated pupils or rapid loss of vision |
| What are the physical findings of glaumoa? |
cupping of the optic disc, hemorrhages around the edge of the optic disk |
| What are the normal structures seen in fundoscopic examination? |
fundus
optic disc
macula lutea
fovea |
| Where is fundus found? |
posterior retina |
| Describe the optic disk |
where vessels and nerves enter the eye. Shoudl be yellow to creamy pink with well definded margins |
| Describe teh macula lutea |
yellowish area without blood vessels where visual acuity is heightened. Contains teh fovea |
| Describe the fovea |
area of highest visual acuity on the retina. Within the macula lutea |
| What is papilledema? |
increased intracranial pressure. Optic disc looses definition and pushed out central vessels. |
| What is glaucomatous cupping of the optic disc? |
caused by increased intra-ocular pressure and the death of ganglion cells secondary to glaucoma.
cupping around the edges of the optic disc. Blood vessels may disappear around the edge of the disc |
| What are drusen bodies? |
usually caused by aging, associated with senile macular degeneration.
Small discrete yellow spots on the retina that enlarge over time |
| What is diabetic retinopathy? |
dot hemorrhages, hard exudates, soft exudates ("cotton wool spots")
Local hypoxia leads ot neovascularaion but the new vessels are weak adn leak easily leading to hemorrhage and vision loss |
| What is hypertensive retinopathy? |
increased light reflex from teh arterioles. Thre is narrowing adn AV nicking. Shiny retina, cotton wool spots. Flame hemorrhages, pailledema (late findig)
Normal arterial-venous size ration is 3:5 and it will be decreased in hypertensive retinopathy |
| What is difference between diabetic retinopathy and hypertensive retinopathy? |
in HTN retinopathy look for AV nicking. It appears wehre an arteriole adn vein cross over each other. |
| AV nicking is associated with? |
hypertensive retinopathy |
| What are cotton woll spots |
infact areas assocaited with diabetic retinopathy or HTN retinopathy |
| Neovascularization |
diabetic retinopathy |
| Drusen bodies |
macular degeneration and aging |
| Hemorrhage at teh edge of optic disc |
glaucoma |
| flame hemorrhages |
diabetic retinopathy or HTN retinopathy |
| Retinal hemorrhages in infant |
SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME!!!! |
Biology Lab Midterm
