| Question |
Answer |
| Introduced "Objective Reality" |
Thales |
| First to picture an infinite universe |
Anaximander |
| Originated the 7-day week and the roots of the 24-hour day and 60 minute hour |
Summerians |
| Perpetuated the calendar choices of the Sumerians, developed algebra |
Babylonians |
| Used a 10-day week. Developed geometry |
Egyptians |
| Atomic Theory and the Vacuum |
Democritus and Leucipus |
| Separated science and philosophy |
The Pythagoreans |
| Suggested the Earth rotated on its axis, and possibly was not the center of the universe |
The Pythagoreans |
| One of the Athenian Philosophers |
Socretes |
| deepest thinker of the Athenian philosophers. founded the first "University" - Empirical Philosophy |
Plato |
| Founded the current scientific disciplines - founded his own university. big contributions in biology. Argued the Earth was a sphere. Argued against a heliocentric theory because of the lack of an observable stellar parallax. Also an Athenian Philosopher |
Aristotle |
| A contemporary of Plato and Aristotle. Early developments of Mechanics in physics |
Eudoxus |
| First serious proponent of the Heliocentric theory |
Aristarchus |
| The greatest observational astronomer in antiquity. Developed the Stellar Magnitude scale. Produced a star catalog. Measured the distances to the sun and moon. discovered the 26000 year precession of the Earth's axis of rotation. Argued against the helioc |
Hipparchus |
| Passed down to us much of what we know about the earlier contributions. Set down the principals of celestial navigation and Astrology |
Ptolemy |
| Re-introduced the Heliocentric theory. Described the Solar System with the correct Sidereal periods |
Copernicus |
| Compiled large volumes of observational data |
Tycho |
| Used Tycho's data to discern his 3 laws of planetary motion. |
Kepler |
| The father of modern science. Used telescope to discover the 4 brightest moons of Jupiter, the crescent phases of Venus, stars too dim to be seen with the naked eye |
Galileo |
| Discovered the Law of Inertia and introduced the scientific method |
Galileo |
| The father of modern physics |
Newton |
| Three laws of motion:
*The law of inertia (An object in motion...)
*F = ma
*Conservation of Momentum - mv (Action - Reaction) |
Newton |
| The Law of Universal Gravitation - F = G m1m2/r^2 |
Newton |
| General form of Kepler's 3rd law (M1 + M2)p^2 = a^3 |
Newton |
| The reflecting telescope and the spectrum of light |
Newton |
| Electric charges (q/r^2) and changing magnetic fields (delta B / delta t) |
Electric Field Sources |
| Causes a force in the direction of the field on all charges |
Electric Field Effects |
| Moving charges (Right-Hand-Rule) and changing electric fields |
Magnetic Field Sources |
| Causes a force on moving charges (qvB) perpendicular to the field and the direction of motion of the charge (Right-Hand-Rule) |
Magnetic Field Effects |
| Light is composed of |
Electromagnetic Waves |
| Accelerating charges create |
Electromagnetic Waves |
| nucleus with negatively charged electrons orbiting around them |
atoms |
| positively charged protons and neutral neutrons |
Nuclei |
| number of protons |
atomic number |
| determines the chemical element properties |
atomic number |
| total number of neutrons and protons |
atomic weight |
| number of neutrons determins the |
isotope |
| when atoms gain or lose electrons |
ions |
| same number of electrons as protons |
neutral atoms |
| losing electrons |
ionized |
| when electrons drop from a higher level to a vacancy in a lower level they emit |
photons |
| quanta of light. they have momentum and energy given by their frequency times Planck's Constant. they also behave like waves |
photons |
| Spectra - when all wavelengths are present |
continuous |
| when hot solid objects or high pressure gasses radiate |
Black Body Radiation |
| Spectra - when light is present at all wavelengths EXCEPT at certain wavelengths |
absorption |
| when light passes through a diffuse gas and certain wavelengths are absorbed out of the light that continues on |
absorption |
| when light is present ONLY at certain wavelengths |
emission |
| when light passes through a diffuse gas and is absorbed, raising electrons to higher levels, when those electrons drop back down they emit light |
emission |
| due to fundamental quantum effects |
natural width |
| due to doppler shift from the motion of the emitting molecules at any temperature above absolute zero |
thermal broadening |
| due to frequent collisions of the emitting atoms in a high pressure gas |
collisional broadening |
| due to the splitting of levels in strong magnetic fields |
zeeman effect |
| due to emission from a rapidly rotating star where the doppler shifts mix from emissions on different sides of the star |
rotational broadening |
| the positioins of the lines are a characteristic function of the individual emitting elements. this allow identification of the relative composition of the source |
spectral line positions |
| these characteristic positions are shifted by the doppler effect when the entire source is moving with respect to the observers on the earth |
spectral line positions |
| a difference of 5 magnitudes means a factor of in brightness |
100, (2.5)^difference in magnitude |
| the smaller the algebraic value of the magnitude the the source |
brighter |
| magnitudes are the magnitude a star would have if it were at a distance of 10 parasecs |
absolute |
| magnitude is the magnitude that an object appears to have |
apparent |
| if you know both the apparent and absolute magnitudes, you can calculate the |
distance |
| the relative brightness of stars is a function of |
temperature, surface area and distance |
| the surface brightness varies as T^4 |
temperature |
| the total luminosity is proportional to R^2 |
surface area |
| apparent brightness is proportional to 1/d^2 |
distance |
| the spectral type classification scheme is a surface classification for stars |
temperature |
| O B A F G K M |
Oh Be A Fine Girl Kiss Me
<==hot -- cold==> |
| within each letter class there are sub-classes numbered 0-9 from |
hotter to cooler |
| from kepler's and newton's laws, the masses of each star in a binary system can be determined |
(M1+M2)p^2 = (r1+r2)^3 and M1/M2 = r2/r1
need to determine p, r1 and r2 to find M1 and M2 |
| not a true binary but an optical double |
optical |
| a true binary where both stars are clearly seen |
visual |
| only one star is seen, but moves in an oscillatory way |
astrometric |
| when viewed edge on-the spectral lines are alternately doppler shifted as the stars orbit one another |
spectroscopic |
| the light shows two incompatible spectra |
spectrum |
| the intensity of the light dims as the stars eclipse. these are usually also spectroscopic binaries as well |
eclipsing |
| the bayer catalog divided the sky into constellations and named the stars with respect to the constellation they are in |
88 |
| named by constellation but with latin letters starting with R-Z, RR-ZZ, AA-QQ |
variable stars |
Poultry
