| TERM |
DEFINITION |
| myocardium |
muscle that makes up the heart |
| endocardium |
c.t. that encloses the entire heart |
| pericardium |
attaches the endocardium to the thorax |
| coronary arteries |
branch from the base of the aorta to supply the entire myocardium |
| systole |
contraction phase |
| diastole |
atria and ventricles relaxed |
| stroke volume |
amount of blood pumped into aorta during a single ventricular contraction |
| cardiac output |
stroke volume x heart rate: volume of blood pumped per minute |
| erythrocytes (rbc) |
transport o2 remove co2 |
| leukocytes (wbc) |
phagocytosis, mediate immune system response |
| thrombocytes (platelets) |
clotting |
| blood pressure |
pressure of blood against arterial walls, maintains perfusion of o2 into organs |
| myocardial ischemia |
myocardium deprived of oxygen resulting in chest pain (angina) |
| dyspnea |
shortness of breath; occurs when cardiac output decreases |
| fatigue |
reduction in the body's capability to perform work |
| palpitation |
senseation of skipped beats or the heart fluttering uncomfortably |
| arrhythmia |
disturbance of the electrical activity that controls the heartbeat which causes cardiac contractions of excessive pace or strenght (palpitations) |
| claudication |
impaired gait, occurs when blood flow to a lower limb is blocked |
| edema |
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, occurs with chronic cardiac conditions or obstruction of veins or lymph vessels |
| Korotkoff sounds |
sounds used to determine bp |
| atherosclerosis |
arteries that have been pathologically narrowed |
| aneurysm |
deformed arteries |
| athletes heart |
general cardiac hypertrophy- enlargmenet of both ventricles due to adaptation to strenuous aerobic exercise |
| hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
pathological enlrgment of the heart associated with an asymmetricl enlrgment of the left ventricular cavity-leading cause of SCD in young athletes |
| myocardial ischemia |
oxygen needed by myocardium exceeds oxygen in blood delivered by the coronary arteries |
| arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) |
fatty infiltration (penetration) and fibrosis of the myocardium of the right ventricle |
| Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) |
deformity of mitral valve leaflets that prevents it from closing completely |
| paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia |
intermittently occuring very rapid heart rate at rest >150 bpm- defect in discharge pattern of SA node, atria, or AV node that causes drastic increase in heart rate |
| Q-T interval |
time it takes for ventricles to depolarize and repolarize |
| Wolfe-parkinson-White Syndrome |
accessory pathway between atria and ventricles conducts more rapidlyithan the AV node, and result is that one of the ventricles depolarizes slightly before the other |
| marfan Syndrome |
Connective tissue disorder associated with increased risk for scd, develop potentially fatal deformities in aorta |
| Commotio Cordis |
Sudden blows to the chest that occur during the vulnerable phase of cardiac repolarization that induce a severe ventricular arrhytmia |
| myocarditis |
inflammatory process of the cardiac muscle cells |
| generic drug |
copy of brand name drug whose patents have expired can sell for cheaper bc no experimental cost |
| enteral routes |
routes of admin that provide entry to the boyd by way of alimentary canal or digestive system (oral, rectal) |
| parenteral routes |
injection inhalation sublingual buccal and topical |
| enteric coating |
delays the release of medication until it reaches small intestine |
| extended release medication |
released over a longer period, contains more drug |
| buccal |
between cheek and gum |
| suppository |
common dosage form used to administer meds via rectum |
| pharmacokinetics |
physiological process of how the body acts on a drug (ADME) |
| bioavailability |
amount of drug that is actually available in the body's tissues |
| first pass effect |
occurs if drug is absorbed from the intestine into the liver before entering the systemic circulation |
| passive diffusion |
lipid soluble drugs diffuse more quickly and easily and are capable of passing through blood brain barrier to affect cns |
| active transport |
protein move drug across membrane |
| facilitated diffusion |
drug selectivity through binding of a protein |
| onset of action |
time it takes for drug to reach site of action |
| duration of action |
period of time when concentration levels are sufficient enough to proeduce a therapeutic effect |
| metabolism |
process by which drugs are inactivated and broken down into more water soluble metabolites in preparation for excretion |
| halflife |
time it takes for concentration to be reduced by one half after it has reached peak concentration |
| elimination |
process by which body rids itself of drug |
| pharmacodynamics |
process of how drug acts on the body |
| agonist |
drug that fits the receptor and initttates a mechanism similar to the endogenous compound |
| antagonist |
drug that fits receptor but fails to initiate or block mechanism |
| receptor theory of drug action |
agonists and antagonists |
| potency |
strenght of drug |
| steady state |
maintaing blood levels within the therapeutic range, achieved once the blood levesls from continued dosing matches the levls of excretion of a drug |
| agonistic interaction |
2 drugs of same type taken together to add and increase overall effect |
| antagonistic effects |
2 unrelated drugs to reduce effectivenss of oral drug |
| cox 1 (housekeeping) responsible for |
gi mucosal integrity, platelet aggregation, renal function |
| cox 2 (inflamatory gene) responsible for |
inflamation, pain, wound healing |
| penicilins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems |
inhibit synthesis of bacterias cell wall (bactericidal antibiotics) |
| tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglcosides |
disrupt normal protein synthesis |
| sulonamides |
inhibit an enzyme used to synthesize tetrahydrofolic acid within bacteria |
| staphylococcus aureus infection |
misuse of antibiotics has lead to increased incidence of antibiotic resistancce |
| h1 histamine |
respiratory tract |
| h2 histamine |
stomach |
| h3 histamine |
cerebrospinal fluid |
| 1st generation h1 antihistamine |
lipid soluble, can cross blood brain barrier to affect cns (drowsiness) |
| 2nd gen antihistamine |
less lipid soluble, not as drowsy, better for daytime |
| decongestants |
cause vacoconstriction of the blood vessls within the nasal passages to help reduce swelling of mucous membranes |
| bronchodilators |
used by individuals with asthma to relax bronchial spasms and expand airways |
| antiemetics |
used to treat nausea and vomiting (regulated in medulla) |
| antidarrheals |
used to treat symptoms of diarrhea, howerver don't generally treat underlying cause |
| bulk forming laxative |
made of a fiber or cellulose that swells once combined with fluid producing a thick substance that stimulates perisatalsis and pushes the intestinal content forward |
| osmotic laxatives |
function to increase peristalis by drawing water into the intestinal lumen |
| stimulant laxatives |
increase motility of bowels |
| antacids |
neutralize stomach acid and increase gastric pH |
| fungicidals |
disrupt cell membrane of fungus thus killing the fungal cell, |
| fungistatics |
prevent the fungal cell from replicating, allowing the immune system to mainage the infection |
| antiviral meds |
used to treat herpes and influenza infections prevent and reduce duratin and severity of the virus |
| deep somatic pain |
bone nerve muscle tendons ligaments arteries or joints |
| visceral pain |
internal organs |
| hyperplasia |
increase in nmber of cells in a tissue without chane in the rate of cell division or function (adaptaion to chronic increased metabolic demands) |
| metaplasia |
replacement of cells of one type with antoher in response to physical or chemical irritants |
| dysplasia |
cells adapt by changing to an abnormal cell type (cancer) |
| necrosis |
cell death |
| proliferative stage |
serves to close the tissue wond (scar) |
| remodeling stage |
overlaps proliferative: some tissue remodeling occurs while collagein is still being deposited to heal the damage. stops when structure is restored |
| hyperpnea |
rapid respiration |
| osteocytes |
mature bone cells |
| osteoplats |
produce osteocytes |
| osteoclats |
resorbe osteocytes |
| osteomyelitis |
inflammation of bone and bone marrow |
| arthritis |
subtle joint instability and joint capsule inflammation |
| connective tissue |
collagen and elastin. heals with collagen only, loses flexibility after injury |
| epithelium |
lines int. ext surfaces of body |
| endothelium |
lines cardiovasuclar system |
| hemorrhage |
loss of large amounts of blood from vascular system |
| shock |
organs become deprived of blood borne nutrients and oxygen |
| septicemia |
presense of infection |
Ch.18 LTI-MA 509
