| Question |
Answer |
| What are CPG's? |
Central Pattern Generators |
| What do CPG's control? |
Locomotion |
| Where are CPG's located? |
Brain Stem or Spinal Cord |
| What are CPG's believed to organize during gate? |
the activation and firing sequence of muscles |
| What affects the emergence and refinement of gait? |
ROM, strength, bone structure and composition and body comp. |
| What is the age of an immature walker? |
<2.5 yrs |
| What is the age of a mature walker? |
3+ yrs |
| What are the main differences between an immature and a mature walker? |
single limb stance, walking velocity, cadence, step length, pelvic span to ankle spread |
| Do fatter or skinnier infants achieve locomotion faster? |
skinnier |
| From birth to six months body fat rises from __% to __% of body mass. |
12 to 25 |
| What has the fastest rate of growth in the first few months of life? |
extremities |
| How many degrees of antetorsion is an infant born with? |
30-50 degrees |
| When a child assumes erect posture, what is responsible for reducing femoral anteversion(antetorsion)? |
femoral torsion |
| When does the greatest decrease in femoral anteversion occur? |
between 8 months and 2 years |
| What is the adult value of femoral anteversion? |
5-15 degrees |
| When is the adult value of femoral anteversion normally achieved? |
by age 15 |
| Wide abduction, external rotation, and flexion at hips, bowed legs, and everted heel positions all characterize what? |
supported walking |
| When would you expect to see supported walking? |
birth-9 months |
| The visual, vestibular and proprioceptive systems are working together to bring the center of mass back to a stable position after perturbations during what time span? |
birth-9 months |
| At 9-15 months, LE alignment and body structure are characterized by what? |
wide BOS, Hip Abd flexion and slight external rotation, and mild tibial internal torsion. |
| COM is closer to head and upper trunk when? |
9-15 months |
| What kind of stability is achieved first? |
mediolateral |
| Why is BOS wide at onset of ambulation? |
for stability and structural reasons |
| Are postural adjustments during locomotor phase of gait present at initiation of gait? |
no |
| How are postural adjustments made at 9-15 months? |
by movement of the entire body |
| What is believed to be a critical variable for independent locomotion during 9-15 months? |
Development of sufficient extensor strength |
| When does the tibiofemoral angle in the frontal plane resolve? |
18 months |
| When does heel strike emerge, but is not consistent? |
18 months |
| When does COM begin to change from near the head to lower towards the LE? |
18-24 months |
| When is a consistent heel strike seen? |
24 months of age |
| When do the joint angles associated with walking mature to adult pattern? |
3-3.5 yrs |
| When does the tibiofemoral angle show maximum valgus alignment? |
3-3.5 yrs |
| By what age are gait patterns practically fully matured? |
7 yrs |
| When does tibiofemoral angle returne to normal? |
7 yrs |
| When is COM at the level of 3rd lumbar vertebrae? |
7 yrs |
| When does child experience a period of disequilibrium, where they become more clumsy due to rapid growth? |
4-6 yrs |
| Know the 8 phases of gait. |
Intial contact (IC), Loading response (LR), midstance (MST), Terminal stance (TS), Preswing (PS), Initial swing (IS), Midswing (MS), Terminal swing (TS) |
Beef Production
