| Question |
Answer |
| The proper way to dispose of a needle is: |
Put it into sharps container,without recapping it,immediately after withdrawing it. |
| The "Good Samaritan Law" encourages healthcare professionals to: |
Provide medical care within the scope of thier training at the scene of an accident without fear of being sued for negligence. |
| If a patient refuses a venipuncture procedure, the phlebotomist should: |
Immediately report the refusal and actions taken to the nurse. |
| Microorganisms that cause disease are: |
Pathogenic |
| This vein in the arm is most subjected to venipunture. |
Median cubital vein |
| Post prandial |
After a meal |
| Tourniquets may be left on the patient for: |
1 minute |
| Ths complication results from repeated venipuncture of the same vein: |
Phlebitis |
| The components that make up the chain of infection are: |
Source, suscepticle host, mode of transmission |
| A hematoma can be prevented if: |
Pressure is placed on the venipuncture site until the bleeding stops. |
| Arterial blood gases need what kind of special handling? |
Speciman must be chilled after collection. |
| The recommended depth for an infant microcapillary collection should not exceed: |
2.0 mm |
| Common symptons of shock are: |
Pale,cold,clammy skin, rapid weak pulse, expressionless face/staring eyes. |
| Bacteria, viruses, fungus or parasites belong to which type of hazard? |
Biologic |
| What are some examples of PPE (Personal Protection Equipment)? |
Goggles, gloves, face shield, mask, gown... |
| Isolation is condensed into whitch three categories? |
Airborne, droplet and contact. |
| What is considered a preanalytical error? |
Inadequate fast |
| Latex sensitivity is consideredwhat type of hazard? |
Allergic reaction |
| Delivers oxygen,nutrients,hormones and enzymes to the cells and to transport celluar waste such as acarbon dioxide and urea to the organs where they can expelled from the body |
Circulatory system |
| This carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. |
Pulmonary circulation. |
| This carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle throughout the body. |
Systematic circulation. |
| This is an atrioventricular valve, being situated between the right atrium and right ventricle. |
The tricuspid valve |
| A semi lumar valve situated between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. |
The pulmonic valve |
| The mitrial valve is also known as: |
The bicuspid valve. |
| The inner layer lining of the heart is: |
Endocardium |
| The muscular middle layer of the heart (This is the contractile element of the heart) is: |
Myocardium |
| The fibrous outer layer of the heart (The coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart are found in this layer) is: |
Epicardium |
| Aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, superior and inferior vena cavae... |
Blood vessels |
| The blood vessels (except for the cappillaries) are composedof these three layers: |
Tunica adventitia,tunica media,tunica intima. |
| The outer connective tissue layer of the blood vessel: |
Tunica adventitia |
| The middle smooth muscle layer of the blood vessel is: |
Tunica media |
| The inner layer of the blood vessel is: |
Tunica intima |
| Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the various parts of the body |
The aorta,arteries and arterioles |
| The venules, veins and the superior and inferior vena cavae: |
Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart |
| The capillaries are composed of: |
Endothlial cells |
| Capillary blood is a mixture of: |
Arterial and venous blood |
| The average adult has how many liters of blood? |
5-6 |
| The liquid portion of blood is called: |
Plasma |
| The cellular portion of blood is called: |
Formed elements |
| Contains proteins, amino acids, gases, electrolytes, sugars, hormones, minerals, vitamins and water(92%) |
Plasma |
| The thin walls of the capillaries allow rapid exchange of: |
Oxygen,carbon dioxide,nutrients and waste products between the blood and tissue cells. |
| Plasma comprimises what percentage of the circulating blood? |
55% |
| The formed elements comprimise what percentage of the irculating blood? |
45% |
| The formed elements of blood contain: |
Erythocytes(99%),leukocytes and thrombocytes |
| The erythocytes contain an oxygen carrying protein called: |
Hemoglobin |
| An immature erythocyte is called a: |
Reticulocyte |
| Reticulocytes mature into erythocytes in how long? |
1-2 days |
| How many RBC's are contained per microliter of blood? |
4.2-6.2 million |
| The normal life span of an RBC is: |
120 days |
| Which type of cell provides the body protection against infection? |
WBC (White blood cells) |
| The normal amount of WBC's for an adult is: |
5,000-10,000 |
| An increase of WBC's as seen in cases of infection and leukemia is called: |
Leukocytosis |
| A decrease in WBC's as seen with viral infection or chemotherapy |
Leukopenia |
| How many types of WBC's are in the blood? |
5 |
| What WBC is the most numerous and compromise 40%-60% of WBC population? |
Neutrophils |
| What WBC is phaocytic and increases in bacterial infection and is often the first on the scene? |
Neutrophils |
| What WBC is the second most numerous, compromising 20%-40% of the WBC population? |
Lymphocytes |
| What WBC increses in numbers in viral infection and play a role in immunity? |
Lymphocytes |
| What WBC is the largest (3%-8% of WBC population)? |
Monocytes |
| What WBC reprensent 1%-3% and numbers increase with allergies, skin infections and parassitic infections? |
Eosinophils |
| Which WBC represent 0%-1% of the population and carry histamine which is released in allergic reactions? |
Basophills |
| All blood cells normally originate from stem cells in the: |
Bone marrow |
| These are small irregularly shaped packets of cytoplasm formed in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes and are essential for blood coagulaton: |
Thrombocytes (platelets) |
| The average number of platelets per microliter of blood is: |
140,000-440,000 |
| Platelets have a life span of how many days? |
9-12 |
| This is the process by which blood vessels are repaired after injury: |
Hemostasis |
| The four stages of hemostasis are: |
Vascular phase, Platelet phase, Coagulation phase, Fibrinolysis |
| During the platlet phase of hemostasis, platelets stick to the site finally forming a temporary platelet plug in a process called: |
Aggreation |
| The preferred site for venipunture of the upper extremities is: |
The anticubital fossa |
| The three major veins located in the anticubital fossa are: |
Median cubital vein, cephalic ven, basilic vein |
| Veins that are hard or cordlike, caused by disease, inflammation, chemotherapy or repeated venipunture are: |
Sclerosed veins |
| Winding crooked veins are called: |
Tortuous veins |
| Do not draw blood from an arm with what? |
IV fluids |
| Do not draw blood from what kind of site? |
Artificial a-v fistula site |
| The most common complication of phlebotomy procedure, indicating that blood has accumulated in the tissue surrounding the vein is: |
Hematoma |
| This common complication of phlebotomy procedure is caused by the needle going through the vein and/or failure to apply enough pressure on the site after withdrawl |
Hematoma |
| This increase in proportion of formed elements to plasma caused by the tourniquet being left on more than two minutes. |
Hemoconcentration |
| Inflammation of a vein as a result of repeated venipuncture on that vein |
Phlebitis |
| Tiny non raised red spots that appear on the skin from rupturing of the capillaries due to the tourniquet being left on too long or too tight |
Petechiae |
| A blood clot due to insufficient pressure applied after the withdrawl of a needle |
Thrombus |
| Inlammation of a vein with formation of a clot |
Thrombophlebitis |
| Systemic infection associated with the pressure of a pathogenic organism introduced during a venipuncture |
Septicemia |
| This is an injury to underlying tissues caused by probing of the needle |
Trauma |
| Patient must abstain from eating for at least twelve hours |
Fasting |
| Accumulation of fluid in the tissues. Collection from this tissue alters test result |
Edema |
| Permanant surgical connection between an artery and a vein and can neverbe used for venipuncture |
Fistula |
| -cyte |
cell |
| Erythro- |
Red |
| -globin |
Protein |
| Heme- |
Blood |
| Leuko- |
White |
| -logy |
Study of |
| -lysis |
Destroy or breakdown |
| Hist- |
Tissue |
| Phleb- |
Vein |
| Thrombo- |
Clot |
| -otomy |
Incision/cut |
| -oma |
Tumor |
| Mega- |
Large |
| Karyo- |
Nucleus |
| Anti- |
Against |
| Poly- |
More than one |
| Phago- |
Eat |
| Pulmon- |
Lung |
| -emia |
Blood condition |
| -itis |
Inflammation |
| -penia |
Deficiency |
| -stasis |
Stopping or control |
| Angio- |
Vessel |
| Bili- |
Bile |
| Necro- |
Death |
| Derm- |
Skin |
| A-/An- |
Without |
| Ambi- |
Both |
| Cryo- |
Cold |
| Brady- |
Slow |
| Endo- |
Inside |
| Cyan- |
Blue |
| Epi- |
On or over |
| Iso- |
Same |
| Neo- |
New/begining |
| Peri- |
Around or during |
| Arterio- |
Artery |
| Cephal- |
Head |
| Cubit- |
Elbow |
| Condition in which normal red blood cells are reduced |
Anemia |
| Serving to prevent the coagulation of formed clots |
Anticoagulant |
| Largest artery in the body |
Aorta |
| A minute arterial branch which leads to a capillary |
Arterioles |
| A vessel through which blood passes away from the heart to the tisue. The pulmonary is an exception the rule |
Artery |
| Large vein on the inner side of the upper arm |
Basilic vein |
| Artery which lies beneath the basilic vein in the antecubital fossa |
Brachial artery |
| Smallest blood vessel that connects arteries and veins |
Capillary |
| Device which spins test tubes at high speeds causing the heavy particles in the liquid to settle to the bottom and the lighter liquid to the top |
Centrifuge |
| Large vein on the outermost side of the arm |
Cephalic vein |
| The treatment of disease by chemical agents |
Chemotherapy |
| Protein substance produced by elements of blood and tissue which form a network as the base of a clot |
Fibrinogen |
| Bubbles caused by improper venipuncture |
Frothing |
| Volume percentage of erythocytes in whole blood |
Hematocrit |
| Destruction of red blood cells with the liberation of hemoglobin which diffuses into the surrounding fluid caused by frothing, not allowing the alcohol to dry on skin, shaking the tube and improper entry into the lumen of the vein |
Hemolysis |
| Inflammation of the liver by virus or toxic origin |
Hepatitis |
| Abnormally increased amounts of sugar in the blood system |
Hyperglycemia |
| Abnormally low blood sugar |
Hypoglycemia |
| A disease characterized by excessive production of white blood cells |
Leukemia |
| Abnormally high amounts of fat in the blood |
Lipemia |
| The major vein of the antecubital fossa most commonly used for veinipuncture |
Median cubital vein |
| Veins in the hand |
Metacarpal veins |
| Veins found in the feet |
Metatarsal veins |
| First six weeks of birth |
Neonatal |
| To examine by touch |
Palpate |
| The scientific study of the nature of disease |
Pathology |
| Blood obtained from the outer surface of the body |
Peripheral blood |
| Pretaining to a meal |
Prandial |
| Artery found in the wrist |
Radial artery |
| Clear watery fluid which seperates from the blood when centrifuged |
Serum |
| Fainting |
Syncope |
| Formation of a clot within a blood vessel |
Thrombosis |
| An injury or wrongful act to one person for which another person who caused the injury is legally responsible under a civil suit |
Tort |
| Blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood to the heart,except for the pulmonary which carries oxygenated blood |
Vein |
| Blood obtained from a vein |
Venous blood |
| The amount of blood returning to the atria of the heart |
Venous return |
| A small cavity such as one of the lower chambers of the heart |
Venticle |
| Blood containing all components, also referred to as MACRO METHOD TECHNIQUE |
Whole blood |
| Skin,white blood cells,antibodies,interferon,lining in the body,body secretions |
Natrual body defenses |
| Widespread occurance of an infectious disease among a population |
Epidemic |
| An organism that lives within or upon another organism (worms) |
Parasite |
| The organism within or upon which a parsite lives |
Host |
| A disease producing agent. There are 6: Virus,bacteria,rickettsias,protozoa,parasitic worms, fungi |
Pathogen |
| The organism responsible for carrying a communicable disease from one host body to another. They are insects, food, people and animals |
Vectors |
| Exists in vast numbers and lives everywhere (water,garbage, air, water, mouth etc...) |
Bacteria |
| Smallest parasitic organism, hardest to isolate. |
Viruses |
| Transmitted to man by ticks, lice etc... |
Rickettsias |
| Single celled parasite found in moist soil and bodies of water such as malaria |
Protozoa |
| Survives in moist,warm and dark envirnments such as ringworm and athletes foot |
Fungi |
| A preperation of weakened or deadbacteria or virus for inoculation purposes |
Vaccine |
| Anticoagulant found in the yellow test tube |
SPS (Sodium Polyanetholesulfonate |
| Anticoagulant found in the light blue test tube |
Buffered sodium citrate |
| Anticoagulant found in the green test tube |
Heparin- Sodium/lithium/ammonia |
| Anticoagulant found in the lavender test tube |
EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic) |
| What does the red/grey speckled test tube contain? |
Clot activators |
| Whitch test tube is sterile? |
Yellow top |
| Whitch section in the clinical lab, are the formed elements of the blood studied? |
Hematology section |
| Whitch section of the clinical lab is the most automated section in the laboratory? |
Chemistry section |
| What are the three areas that the chemistry section is divided in? |
Electrophoresis, toxicology, immunochemistry |
| What does the electrophoresis are of the chemistry section do? |
Analyzes chemical components of blood such as hemoglobin and serum,urine and cerebrospinal fluid based on the differences in electrical charge. |
| What does the toxicology are of the chemistry section do? |
Analyzes plasma levels of drugs and poisons. |
| What does the immunochemistry are of the chemistry section do? |
Uses techniques such as radio immunoassay and enzyme immunoassay to detect and measure substances such as hormones,enzymes and drugs. |
| What section of the lab collects,stores and preapares blood for transfusions? |
Blood bank section |
| What section of the lab performs tests to evaluate the patients immune response through the production of antibodies? |
Serology (immunology) section |
| What section of the lab is responsible for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in patient samples and for the hospital infection control? |
Microbiology section |
| What is the primary test performed in the microbiology section of the lab? |
Culture and sensitivity (C&S)- used to detect and identify microorganisms and to determine the most effective antibiotic therapy. |
| What section of the lab performs tests on the urine to detect disorders and infection of the kidney and urinary tract and to detect metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus? |
Urinalysis section |
| OSHA stands for: |
Occupational Safety and Health Administation |
| OSHA is responsible for? |
The identification of the various hazards present in the workplace and for the creation of rules and regulations to minimize exposure to such hazards. |
| What are the types of hazards that you,your patients and fellow staff members may be exposed to in the medical field? |
Biologic,Sharps,Chemical,Electrical,Fire or explosive,Physical,Allergic reaction |
| What emergency first aid procedure should be used for external hemorrhage? |
Control the bleeding by elevation the affected part above the heart level and apply direct pressure to the wound. Never elevate a broken extremity. |
| What is the first aid for shock? |
Maintain open airway for victim,call for assistance, keep victim laying down with the head lower than the rest of the body,keep victim warm,attempt to control any known bleeding or cause of shock. |
| CPR stands for? |
Cardiopulmonary resucitation |
| What are the links in the chain of infection/infection control? |
Agent,mode of transmission,suseptible host,portal of entry,portal of exit. |
| What are the five main types of mode of transmission? |
Contact(direct or indirect),droplet,airborne,common vehicle,vectorborne. |
| What are some common entry sites for infection? |
Broken skin,mucous membranes and body syatems exposed to the external environment such as the respitory,gastrintestinal and reproductive systems. |
| The destruction of pathogenic microorganisms after they leave the body: |
Medical asepsis |
| What is the most important means of preventing the spread of infection? |
Handwashing |
| PPE stands for? |
Personal Protective Equipment |
| What PPE's are used in barrier protection? |
Gloves,masks,goggles,face shields,respirator. |
| What are the two tiers or levels of precautions regarding isolation procedures? |
Standard precautions and Transmission based precautions. |
| The sharps injury log must contain at a minimum: |
The type and brand of device involved in the incident,the department or work area where the exposure incident occurred,an explanation of how the incident occured. |
| What is informed consent? |
This is consent given by the patient who is made aware of any procedure to be performed,its risks,expected outcomes and alternitives. |
| What is negligence? |
This is the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonable person who give under similar circumstances and someone suffers injury because of another's failure to live up to a required duty of care. |
| What is the normal range for blood pressure? |
90/60 140/90 |
| The top number of a blood pressure reading is when the heart is contracting,called the ? |
Systolic |
| The bottom number of a blood pressure reading is when the heart is resting/relaxed,called the? |
Diastolic |
| Normal respiration rate? |
12-14 BPM (Breathes) |
| Normal pulse/heartrate? |
60-100 BPM (Beats) |
| Tachycardia |
Pulse/Heartrates above 100 BPM |
| Bradycardia |
Pulse/Heartrates below 60 BPM |
| Normal body temprature? |
97.6F - 99.6F |
| Conversion formula from farenheit to celsius: |
Subtract 32 multiply 0.555 |
| Conversion formula from celsius to farenheit: |
Multiply by 1.8 + 32 |
| What is required of a patient during a fast? |
No food or strenuous exercise for 12hrs prior to blood draw |
| Proper order of draw: |
Blood cultures(black,yellow,light blue,red & marbled red(orange for stat),green,lavender(pink),grey,royal blue |
| Anticoagulant in the grey test tube: |
Powdered potassium oxalate and sodium fluoride |
| Anticoagulant in the orange STAT test tube: |
Thrombin clot activator |
| Light blue test tube tests: |
PT coumadin,PTT heparin,coagulation,protein S&C,lupus anticoagulant... |
| Red test tube tests: |
Blood grouping,RH factor,amebiasis,blastomycosis... |
| Red marbled/speckled test tube tests: |
Serum-serology...preg test... |
| Green test tube tests: |
Ammonia,kidney test,immune diseases,T&B cell count,histamine... |
| Lavender/pink test tube tests: |
CBC,morphology of RBC,reticulyte count,sickle cell,T&B cell count,blood film and differential... |
| Grey test tube tests: |
GTT,FBS,alcohol,cyanide,lactic acid,vitamin C... |
| Royal blue test tube tests: |
Trace metals-arsenic,lead,maganese,mercury,zinc,copper,chromium... |
| In the electrical circulation of blood,the sino atrial node fires for: |
FIRES-1MV 5sec |
| In the electrical circulation of blood,the atrial ventricle node holds for: |
HOLDS-1/10 sec |
| In the electrical circulation of blood,the AV bundle (bundle of his) does what? |
HELPS-Helps assist with the conduction of the impulse |
| In the electrical circulation of blood,the bundle branches do what? |
SEPERATES-Seperate at the bundle of his allowing blood to move from the L & R atria to the L & R ventricle |
| In the electrical circulation of blood,the purkinje fibers do what? |
PUSHES OUT-Network of fibers that work with the myracardial cells in the ventricles to help push the blood out of the heart |
mr. charles11
