DU PA Urinalysis

Description:	Duke PA Urinalysis
Category:	Laboratory Science
Created by:	bwyche on 2009-01-25

Question	Answer
Normal appearance	clear
normal color	amber yellow
normal odor	aromatic
normal pH	4.6-8.0 avg 6.0
normal protein ___ mg/dL	0-8
normal protein ___ mg/24 hr at rest	50-80
normal protein ___ mg/24 hr during exercise	<250
normal specific gravity adult	1.005-1.030
normal specific gravity elderly	values decrease with age
normal specific gravity newborn	1.001-1.020
normal leukocyt esterase	negative
normal nitrates	none
normal ketones	none
normal bilirubin	none
normal urobilinogen ___ Ehrlich unit/mL	0.01-1
normal crystals	none
normal casts	none
normal glucose (fresh specimen)	none
normal glucose (24 hr)___mg/day	50-300
normal glucose (24 hr)___mmol/day (SI units)	0.3-1.7
normal WBC ___ per low-power field	0-4
normal WBC casts	none
normal RBC's	< or = 2
normal RBC casts	none
____ infection may cause green urine	Pseudomonas
patients with ____ may have the strong sweet smell of acetone	diabetic ketoacidosis
Bacteria, UTI, or a diet high in citrus fruits or vegetables may cause	increased urine pH
starvation, dehydration, or a diet high in meat products or cranberries may cause	decreased urine pH
to prevent or treat urinary calculi from xanthine, cystine, uric acid, and calcium oxalate urine pH should be kept	alkaline
to treat urinary calculi from calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and magnesium phosphate urine pH should be kept	acidic
the combination of proteinuria adn edema is known as	nephrotic syndrome
probably the most important indicator of kidney disease	proteinuria
proteinuria in pregnant women can indicate	preeclampsia
a measure of the concentration of particles in the urine	specific gravity
used to evaluate the concentrating and excretory powers of the kidneys	specific gravity
high specific gravity indicates	concentrated urine
low specific gravity indicates	dilute urine
when a person is dehydrated one can expect the specific gravity of that person to be abnormally	high
Positive results indicate UTI	leukocyte esterase
is a screening test for identification of UTI's	nitrites
Nitrite test is about ___% accurate	50
leukocyte esterase is about ___% accurate	90
_____ is usually associated with poorly controlled diabetes	ketonuria
can be present in the following conditions; alcoholism, fasting, starvation, high protein diets, isopranol ingestion	ketonuria
may occur in acute febrile illnesses, especially in infants and children	ketonuria
obstruction of a bile duct by a gallstone will lead to	elevated urine bilirubin
bilirubin in the urine will color it	dark yellow or orange
by themselves, crystals cause no symptoms until	they form stones
stones only produce symptoms when they	obstruct the urinary tract
crystals may indicate	the formation of a renal stone
occur in the urine of patients with parathyroid abnormalities or malabsorption states	phosphat and calcium oxalate crystals
clumps of materials or cells that form in the renal distal and collection tubules, where material is maximally concentrated	casts
for ___ to form the pH must be acidic and the urine concentrated	casts
conglomerations of protein and are indicative of proteinuria, a few may be present after strenuous exercise	hyaline casts
sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, BUN, creatinine, glucose, GFR	components of the chem 7 at Duke
normal sodium ____ mmol/L	135-145
normal potassium ____ mmol/L	3.2-4.8
normal chloride ____ mmol/L	98-108
normal carbon dioxide ____ mmol/L	21-30
normal urea nitrogen ___ mg/dL	7-21
normal creatinine ___ mg/dL	0.7-1.4
increased BUN is called	uremia
decreased renal blood flow	prerenal uremia
urea backed up into blood from lower urinary obstruction	postrenal uremia
diseases or toxicities that affect glomeruli, renal microvascular or tubules	renal uremia
proportional to muscle mass, usually higher in men than women	serum creatinine
stable in health at a ratio of 1:10	BUN:creatinine ratio
lower in liver disease, starvation, acute tubular necrosis	BUN:creatinine ratio
Higher (with normal Cr) in prerenal uremia, high protein diet, GI bleed	BUN:creatinine ratio
Higher (with high Cr is called “azotemia”) in renal disease & failure	BUN:creatinine ratio
can be caused by preeclampsia, multiple myeloma, temperature extremes, fever, exercise, position, stress	proteinuria
main cause of glycosuria	diabetes
product of fat breakdown	ketones
product of hemoglobin breakdown	bilirubin
a few hyaline casts on urinalysis is	normal
RBC casts	acute glomerulonephritis
WBC casts	acute pyelonephritis
epithelial casts	tubular necrosis
granular casts	nephrotic syndrome, pyelonephritis
waxy casts	tubular atrophy, renal failure
bacterial casts	pyelonephritis
fatty casts	proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome
___ can be estimated by blood level of creatinine	GFR
___ indicates level of kidney function	GFR
___ calculations do not apply in acute situations or in patients on dialysis	GFR