| Question |
Answer |
| The urinary system consist of: |
two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder and one urethra |
| The ______ _______ can be used interchangeably with urinary system. |
excretory system |
| What are two terms meaning related to kidneys? |
nephro- and renal |
| These glands sit above the kidneys and secrete epinephrine and cortical hormones. |
supraarenal or adrenal glands |
| What is dialysis? |
provides artificial replacement for the kidneys due to renal failure |
| Name some functions of the urinary system. |
remove waste from blood; maintain fluid and elecyrolyte balance; secreting substances that affect blood pressure |
| How much urine is excreted daily? |
1-2 liters |
| On what border of the kidney is the hilum located on? |
medial concave border |
| The right kidney is slightly longer and narrower, while the left kidney is slightly lower due to the placement of the liver. T/F |
false - left kidney is slightly long and narrower while the right kidney is lower due to the placement of the liver |
| How do the kidneys lie? |
oblique plane 30 degrees anteriorly toward the aorta |
| The kidneys extend from about _____ to ____. |
T12 to L3 |
| In what type of patient do the kidneys lie at the highest level? |
hypersthenic |
| During respiration the kidneys move about ____. From supine to upright the kidneys drop about _____. |
1"; 2" |
| Protective outer covering made up of connective fibrous tissue. |
Renal capsule |
| Renal cortex |
outer layer of renal tissue |
| What surrounds the kidneys and holds them in place? |
adipose capsule |
| Inner layer of renal tissue |
Renal medulla |
| Renal pyramids |
composed of 8-15 cone-shaped segments of collecting tubules. |
| The Renal pyramids are located within the ____ ______. |
Renal medulla |
| Extensions of the cortex between renal pyramids. |
Renal columns |
| Nephron |
The essential microscopic component of the kidney. |
| What are the two parts of the nephron? |
Renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
| The _________ and the _______ make up the renal corpuscle. |
bowman's capsule and the glomerulus |
| Cluster of blood capillaries from renal artery. |
Glomerulus |
| The kidneys ______ is the nephron, the functional part of an organ in the body. |
parenchyma |
| Double-walled membranous cup. |
Glomerular capsule or bowman's capsule |
| What attaches the kidnesy to the diaphragm and peritoneum? |
renal fascia |
| The __________ are vessels that enter the glomerular capsule while the ________ are vessels that exit the capsule. |
afferent arterioles; efferent arterioles |
| What is the function of the glomerulus? |
filter for blood; allowing fine particles and water to pass into the capsule |
| What are the three parts of the renal tubule? |
Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule |
| Distal convoluted tubule opens into the ________. |
collecting ducts |
| What are the three processes involved in the secretion of urine in the nephron? |
filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
| Branches of afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles that form networks around the renal tubules. |
Peritubular capillaries |
| Filtration |
movement of water and solutes from blood plasma in glomerlus (blood cleaning) |
| Water reabsorbed from tubules back into the blood via the peritubular capillaries. What is taking place? |
reabsorption |
| Where is water reabsorbed at? |
peritubular cappilaries |
| Selective reabsorption |
enough sodium chloride and glucose are reabsorbed to meet body requirements |
| Secretion |
solutes that are not required by the body are secreted in the tubules. |
| Name some end products that are secreted by the body. |
creatine, urea |
| BUN |
blood urea nitrogen |
| What is the normal range for BUN? Creatine? |
BUN 0.6-1.0Creatine 5-21 |
| What value of BUN can be an indication of kidney disfunction? |
65 or greater |
| What is an abnormal value for creatine? |
1.6 or greater |
| What substance is secreted to keep a balance in blood pressure when it increases or decreases? |
renin |
| What part of the nephron secretes renin? |
distal convoluted tubule |
| What chemical causes the blood compartment to constrict, which will raise BP? This same chemical will help to release a cortical hormone that will cause more absorption of salt and water to ease BP. |
angiotensin |
| The collecting ducts open at the ______ ______ and drain into the ______ _______. |
renal papilla; minor calyx |
| Cup shaped stems that enclose one or more papilla. |
Calyces |
| Minor calyces unite to form _____ ______. |
major calyces |
| Where does the renal pelvis lie? |
within the hilum |
| Renal sinus |
central cavity; fat filled space surrounding renal pelvis and calyces |
| Nipple like end of a renal pyramid |
renal papilla |
| The renal pelvis is formed by the ________. |
united major calyces |
| Longitudinal slit in medial border for transmission of blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessesl, and ureter. |
Hilum |
| Antidiuretic hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland andstimulates reabsorption of water. |
Vasopressin |
| What is the final end product of protein metabolism? |
urea |
| Crystalline substance found in blood and muscle. If there are increased amounts of this substance it can cause renal failure. |
creatinine |
| Renal Pelvis |
proximal, funnel shaped portion of the ureter |
| Musculomembraneous tube that passes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. |
Ureter |
| Where do the ureters enter on the urinary bladder? |
Enters posterolateral surface of bladder |
| What is the function of the ureter? |
to convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
| Urinary bladder |
Musculomembranous sac that serves as a reservoir for urine. |
| The bladder is located _______ and ______ to the pubic symphysis. |
posterior; superior |
| Trigone |
triangular area of bladder base between three openings |
| What is another term used to describe urination? |
micturition |
| How long is the ureter? |
10-12 inches long |
| Conveys urine outsideof the body |
urethra |
| In females the bladder is located _____ to the vaginal canal. In males and females the bladder is located ______ to the rectum. |
anterior; anterior |
| How many openings are there in the bladder? |
three - two for ureters and one for internal urethral orifice |
| How long is the urethra in females? males? |
1.5" females; 7-8" in males |
| Prostate |
small glandular body surrounding the proximal part of the male urethra |
| What other body system is the prostate apart of? |
reproductive system |
| BNO |
bladder neck obstruction |
| BPH |
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia |
| This procedure is done to to deal with patients with an enlarged, benign prostate. |
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate |
| Where does the prostate attach to? |
The inferior surface of bladder |
| Enalarge not cancerous prostate |
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia |
| What is the path of fluid through the kidney? |
SEE NOTES |
| Blockage at the base of bladder that prevents flow of urine. |
Bladder neck obstruction |
| TURP |
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate |
| Renal agenesis |
failure of one or both of thekidneys to develop |
| AKA pelvic kidney; kidney does not ascend as it should and remains in the pelvic area. |
ectopic or pancake kidney |
| oliguria or anuria |
decreased or absent of the production of urine |
| ischuria |
lack of ability to urinate |
| uremia |
illness accompanying kidney failure |
| kidney stone caused by bacterial infection. |
staghorn calculus |
| Floating kidney or renal prosis; kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands. |
nephroptosis |
| Inflammation of bladder |
cystitis |
| abnormal concretion ofmineral salts, often called a stone |
calculus |
| carcinoma bladder |
malignant new growth located in the bladder |
| Duplicate Collecting System |
two renal pelvi and or utereters from the same kidney |
| Fusion of the kidneys, usually at the lower poles |
Horseshoe kidney |
| Fistula |
abnormal communication between two organs |
| Glomerulonephritis |
inflammation of capillary loops in the glomeruli of the kidney |
| Distension of the renal pelvis and calyces with urine. |
hydronephrosis |
| Polycystic kidney |
formation of many cyst within a kidney |
| Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis |
pyelonephritis |
| Increased blood pressure to the kidneys |
Renal hypertension |
| Renal obstruction |
prevention of normal flow of urine |
| narrowing or contraction of a passage |
Stenosis |
| Uterocele |
ballooning of the lower end of the ureter into the bladder |
| Vesicoureteral reflux |
backward flow of urine from bladder into the ureters |
| What is the purpose of contrast studies of the urinary system? |
To demonstrate the renal parenchyma |
| Imaging of the renal drainage and collecting systems. |
Urography |
| Retrograd urography is where the contrast enters the kidneys in the normal direction of flow. T/F |
False- Antegrade urography is where contrast enters the kidney in the normal direction of flow. |
| Give examples of a antegrade urography. |
Percutaneous Antegrade urography; Intravenous Urography (IVU); Pylographt; Nephrotomography; Nephrourography |
| Which exam is the only one that demonstrates function and structure of entire urinary system? |
Intraveous Urography |
| Contrast is administered through percutaneous puncture of the renal pelvis. |
Percutaneous Antegrade Urography |
| Pyelography |
demonstration of renal pelvis and calyces |
| Retrograde urography |
Contrast enters against the normal flow either by ureteral or urethral catherization |
| Give examples of regrograde urography. |
Cystography; cystoureterography |
| Radiological visualization of the kidney by the blurring of unwanted anatomy after introduction of a contrast medium. |
Nephrotomography |
| Nephrourography |
imaging of the kidneys and ureters |
| What is the term used to describe a bladder exam? |
cystography |
| Cystoureterography |
ureters and bladder exam |
| What kind of contrast media is less likely to cause adverse reactions? |
Nonionic iodinated media |
| Within ______ a reaction can occur after injection of contrast media |
5 mins |
| What equipment must be available incase of an emergency? |
crash cart, O2 suction, benedryl, epinephrine |
| What are some examples of mild adverse reactions to contrast? |
sensation of warmth, metallic taste, sneezing, flushing, urdicaria |
| What can help retard the flow of urine into the bladder and ensure filling of renal pelvis and calyces? |
compression (centered over the level of the ASIS) |
| What films are taken for an IVU (HMC protocol)? |
Scout KUB, 1 min. nephrogram (if patient has hypertension must do a 2 and 3 min. film), 5 min. KUB, 10 min. prone KUB, 10 min. obliques (RPO,LPO), 15 min. axial bladder, 15 min. oblique bladder (RPO,LPO), Upright post void KUB |
| Which position is best to demonstrate the uteropelvic junction in a nephrotomography? |
dorsal decubitus |
| Where is retrograde urogrphy performed? |
in the operating room |
| What are some examples of moderate adverse reactions to contrast? |
nausea, vomiting, itching, edema |
| What are the two types of cystograms? |
VCUG - voiding cystourethrogram and a non-voiding |
| Which cystogram is done to see amount of urine exiting bladder? Which is done for leakage? |
VCUG; Non-voiding |
| What position would provide the same result as the compression band? |
15 degree trendelenburg position |
| What are some severe examples of adverse reactions to contrasst media? |
anaphylactic shock, cardiac or respiratory distress |
| What films are taken for a cystogram (HMC protocol)? |
Scout KUB, AP bladder, Oblique bladder (RPO,LPO), 10 min. delayed AP KUB,If voiding DR. will take spot films of drainign bladder, Post upright KUB |
| Endoscopic exam with a brodney gun, with the demonstration of the bladder neck and urethra. |
male cystourethrography |
| Female Cystourethrography |
VCUG - voiding cystourethrogram; metallic beacd chain investigates anatomic abnormalities responsible for incontinence due to stress |
| The kidneys are located __________. |
Retroperitoneal |
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