| Question |
Answer |
| Lipopolysaccharide |
G (-) surface antigen endotoxin. Lipid A -> TNF & IL-1 induction |
| Bacterial ribosome |
50s & 30s |
| Gram + Organism Characteristics |
Teichoic acid |
| Gram – Organism Characteristics |
Endotoxin/LPS, Periplasmic space |
| Non- Gram Stain Organisms |
Treponema (too thin, fluorescent antibody stain), Rickettsia (intracellular), Mycobacteria (acid fast +), Mycoplasma (no cell wall), Leigonella (intracellular- Silver stain +), Chlamydia (intracellular) |
| Exotoxins |
Select G+ & - bacteria. Secreted polypeptide encoded on a plasmid, uber-toxic. Induces strong antibody response. Heat labile (-staph enterotox). Examples: Tetanus, botulism, diphtheria. |
| Exotoxin-Secreting Bugs |
S. aureus:TSST-1; S. pyogenes:Scarlet fever&erythyrogenic toxin; c. Perifringens:gas gangrene&double hemolysis, Tetani:blocks GABA; Botulinum:blocks ACh; Anthrax:adenylate cyclase; Shigella:Shigga cleaves host rRNA, HUS; s Pyogenes:Streptolysin-hemolysis |
| Endotoxins |
Most G- & listeria. Endemic surface lipopolysaccharide. Less toxic, less antigenic. Induces TNF & IL-1 -> fever, shock. Heat stable. Examples: Meningococcemia, G- sepsis. |
| Protein A |
Binds Fc region of Ig. s aureus. |
| IgA protease |
Secreted from encapsulated orgs: s. pneumo, h. flu, neisseria. |
| GAS M Protein |
Blocks phagocytosis |
| Conjugation |
F plasmid contains conjugation genes. Hfr cells incorporate into DNA and can transmit adjacent DNA. |
| Transformation |
DNA uptake from environment |
| Transduction |
Generalized: LYTIC phage lyses host DNA & some host DNA can get into viral capsid. Specialized: Host DNA on either side of integrated viral genome is taken & packaged into LYSOGENIC phage viral capsid. |
| Transposition |
Transposons that carry genes for virulence & antibiotic resistance. Insert into plasmids, bacterial chromosomes |
| Toxins encoded in lysogenic phages |
(ABCDE) shigA-like toxin, Botulinum, Cholera, Diptheria, Erythrogenic toxin of s. pyogenes |
| Obligate Aerobes |
Nocardia, p. aeruginosa, TB, Bacillus. |
| Obligate Anaerobes |
Actinomycetes, bacteroides, clostridium. |
| Facultative Intracellular Organisms |
Salmonella, neisseria, brucella, mycobacterium, listeria, francisella, legionella, yersinia |
| Obligate Intracellular Organisms |
Rickettsia, Chlamydia |
| Encapsulated Bacteria |
Strep pneumo, h flu, neisseria meningitidis, klebsiella |
| Spore formers |
bacillus (antracis, cereus), clostridium (botulinum, diff, perifringens, tetani) |
| Urease + Orgs |
H pylori, proteus, klebsiella, ureaplasma |
| Gram (-) & Penicillin |
resistant to benzylpenicillin G, +/- susceptible to derivatives (ampicillin). Outer membrane --| Penicillin G & Vanco entry |
| Enterobacteriaceae Characteristics |
(e coli, salmonella, shigella, klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia, proteus). All have O-antigen (endotoxin), glucose fermenter, oxidase (-). Capsular K antigen determines virulence. Flagellar H antigen on motile species. |
| Lactose Fermenting Enterocytes |
Pink on MacConKEE agar: Klebsiella, E coli, enterobacter, Citrobacter. |
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus & vulnificus |
Seafood contamination. V. vulnificus -> wound infx contaminated w/shellfish or water. |
| Food Poisoning Organisms |
Vibrio, Bacillus cereus, S. aureus, clostridium perifringens, c botulinum, e coli, salmonella |
| Bloody Diarrhea Organisms |
Campy, salmonella, shigella, enterohemorrhagic & enteroinvasive e. coli, yersinia, c diff, entamoeba histolytica. |
| Watery Diarrhea Organisms |
Enterotoxigenic e. coli, cholera, c. perifringens, protozoa (giardia, cryptosporidium), viruses (rota, adeno, noro-viruses) |
| cAMP Inducers |
cholera, pertussis, e coli heat-labile toxin, anthrax (primary adenylate cyclase, -|PMNs + Edema) |
| Zoonotic Bacteria |
Bartonella henselae, borrelia burgdorferi, brucella, francisella, yersinia, pasturella. |
| Bartonella henselae |
cat scratch fever, by cat scratch |
| Borrelia burgdorferi |
Lyme disdease, ixodes ticks on deer & mice |
| Gardnerella vaginalis |
+/- gram staining rod. Non-painful white/gray fishy vaginal discharge. Coinfx w/ Mobiluncus (anaerobe). Dx: Clue cells, epithelial cells covered in bacteria. Treatment: Metronidazole. |
| Giemsa’s Stain |
Borrelia, Plasmodium, Trypanosomes, Chlamydia |
| PAS Stain (periodic acid-Schiff) |
Whipple’s Disease. Stains glycogen & mucopolysaccharides. |
| Ziehl-Neelsen Stain |
Acid-fast bacteria |
| India ink |
Cryptococcus neoformans |
| Silver Stain |
Fungi, Leigonella |
| Chocolate agar |
H flu: Factor V (NAD) & X (hematin) |
| Thayer-Martin Media |
N. gonorrhoeae |
| Bordet-Gengou Agar |
Pertussis. Potato-based agar. |
| Tellurite Plate, Loeffler Medium |
Corynebacterium Diptheriae -> black colony |
| Lowenstein-Jensen Agar |
TB |
| MacConkey’s Agar |
Lactose fermenting enteric bacteria -> Pink (Kleb, E coli , Entero > Citro, Serratia) |
| Charcoal Yeast Extract |
Leigonella, buffered with iron & cysteine |
| Sbouraud’s Agar |
Fungi |
| E Coli Enteritis Subtypes & Toxins |
ETEC:Heat labile & stable tox -> travelers diarrhea; EHEC: Shigga-> bloody diarrhea & HUS, EIEC: Bloody diarrhea. LT: AB toxin -> ADP ribosylatoin Gs-> cAMP -> Diarrhea. |
| A-B/ADP Ribosylating Toxin Bugs |
PERTUSSIS--|Gi--|chemokines & phagocytosis. Pseudamonas & DIPTHERIA --|EF2. E COLI & CHOLERA->Gs->uber diarrhea |
| Bacteriostatic Antibiotics |
Erythro- & Clindamycins, SMX, Trimethoprim, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol |
| Bactericidal Antibiotics |
Vancomycin, Fluoroquinolones, Penicillin, Aminoglycosides(-mycins), Cephalosporins, Metronidazole |
| Sulfa Allergies |
Sulfonamides, sulfasalazine, sulfonylureas, thiazides, acetazolamide, furosemide |
| VRE Treatment |
Linezolid & streptogramins (-pristins) |
| Contraindicated Antibiotics in Pregnancy |
Sulfonamides (kernicterus), Aminoglycosides (ototoxicity), Fluoroquinolones- cartilage, Erythromycin-cholestatic hep, Metronidazole: mutations, Tetracyclines: teeth, inhibit bone growth, Griseofulvin: teratogenic. Chloramphenicol: gray baby. |
| 1st Gen Cephalosporins |
Cefazolin, Cephalexin |
| 2nd Gen Cephalosporins |
Cef -oxitin, -uroxime, -clor |
| 3rd Gen Cephalosporins |
Cef -tazidime, -triaxone, -ixime |
| 4th Gen Cephalosporin |
Cefepime |
Beef Production
