| Question |
Answer |
| Odds Ratio |
Odds of EXPOSURE in a disease (+) group: Case Control. (Of exposed: Dz+/Dz-) / (Of unexposed: Dz+/DZ-) |
| Relative Risk |
Risk of DISEASE in an exposure: Cohort. % exposed who are (+)/ % unexposed who are (+) |
| Attributable Risk |
"Additional Risk" of getting a disease because of an exposure. %(+) with exposure - %(+) without exposure. |
| Selection v. Sampling Bias |
Selection: Organizers don't properly randomize subjects. Sampling: Those who elect to partake in study don't reflect population. |
| Procedure bias |
Groups aren't treated the same. |
| Type I Error (alpha) |
Probability of a "False positive study" alpha is the standard (=.05), compared to p, which is specific to the study result. |
| Type II Error (beta) |
Probablility of a "False negative study" |
| Power (1-beta) |
Probability of a "True positive study" Increased by sample size, magnitude of exposed/unexposed difference. |
| Standard Deviation (Sigma) |
68% lie within 1 standard deviation of mean, 95% are within 2 standard deviations, 99.7 are within 3 standard deviations. |
| Standard Error of the Mean (SEM) |
(1 standard deviation)/ (Sqr root of sample size). This is like standard deviation, but accounts for population size. Low SEM -> strong study result. Is used to measure the confidence interval. |
| Confidence Interval |
= [mean -z(SEM)] to [mean -z(SEM)]. For p=.05, z is set to 1.96. |
| T Test |
Absolute difference between mean of 2 groups |
| ANOVA |
Absolute difference between mean of 3+ groups |
| Ki^2 |
Fraction/percent difference between 2+ groups |
| Disease Prevention |
(PDR) Primary: Prevent occurence, Secondary: Detection of disease, Tertiary: Reduce disability from disease |
| Alcoholism prevention measures |
Flu & pneumo vaccinations, TB test |
| Reportable diseases |
MMR, Chickenpox, Salmonella, Shigella, Hepatitis, STDs, TB |
| APGAR Score |
0-2 score x 5: Appearance(limbs+trunk pink), Pulse(100+), Grimace(G+cough), Activity, Respiration(regular) |
| Low Birthweight |
<2.5kg. Necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, persistent fetal circulation, RDS, infections |
| Sleep Stages & Waves |
BATS Drink Blood. Awake: (beta), 1 (alpha), 2(theta), 3-4(Sleep spindles & K complexes), 5(Delta, Night terrors & bed wetting), REM (Beta, erections, dreams) |
| Raphe Nucleus |
Serotonin. Sleep. |
| Correlation Coefficient |
-1 & 1: direct correlation. 0: no correlation |
| Stage 4 sleep |
Shortened by benzodiazepines & imipramine. |
| Infant Mortality |
Congenital, premature/low wt, SIDS, pregnancy complications, RDS |
| 1-14 Mortality |
Injury, cancer, congenital, homicide, HD |
| 15-24 Mortality |
Injuries, Homicide, Suicide, Cancer, HD |
| 25-64 |
Cancer, HD, Injuries, suicide, stroke |
| 65+ |
HD, Cancer, Stroke, COPD, Pneumonia, Influenza |
| Berkenson's Bias |
Tendency to select hospitalized patients |
| Reliable = Precise |
Reliable-precise |
| Projection |
Projecting our own feelings on someone else in similar scenario |
| Identification |
Modeling behavior after someone else's |
| Reaction Formation |
Shifting from an inappropriate behavior to the opposite |
| Pygmalion Effect |
Researcher's beliefs about treatment efficacy affect study |
| Hawthorne Effect |
Participant awareness of study aims effect behavior->outcome |
| Nucleus Ceruleus |
Norepinephrine |
| Nucleus Basalis of Mynert |
AcetylCholine |
| Caudate Nucleus |
Huntington's Dz |
BIOL3326 Forms
