| Question |
Answer |
| abnormality of structure (and often function) that arises during embryological development |
congenital disorder |
| the study of heredity and how traits are passed on through generations |
genetics |
| How many chromosomes does a human have? |
46; 22 paired autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes |
| point at which two chromatids are joined |
centromere |
| process whereby one cell divides resulting in two daughter cells genetically identical to parent cell |
mitosis |
| process whereby one cell divides to produce male and female gametes |
meiosis |
| organized profile of a person's chromosomes |
karyotype |
| deviation from usual number of chromosomes |
aneupoloidy (ex: Turner's syndrome (webbed neck, infertile) and Down's syndrome) |
| all of the genetic information contained within the set of chromosomes |
genome |
| unit of genetic information that determines the particular characteristic of a person |
gene |
| 4 types of gene mutation |
deletion; duplication; inversion; translocation |
| proportion of individuals carrying a mutation that also expresses the phenotype |
penetrance; complete (all) or incomplete (only some) |
| tools for screening for genetic disorders in practice |
family history; medical history of client; perceptions |
| pre-embryonic period |
fertilization to 2 weeks |
| embryonic period |
week 3 to week 8 |
| fetal period |
week 9 to birth |
| hard shell around the oocyte |
zona pellucida |
| male and female pronuclei fuse creating the _________ |
zygote |
| series of mitotic divisions, each cell is a blastomere |
cleavage |
| day 3-4; 16-celled structure |
morula |
| day 5; the zygote becomes a ________ |
blastocyst |
| inner cells of the blastocyst are the ________;outer cells of the blastocyst are the _______ |
embryoblast; trophoblast |
| when does the blastocyst begin to embed into the uterine wall? |
day 6 - 7 |
| day 8; embryoblast differentiates into _____ and ____ |
epiblast and hypoblast (the bilaminar disc) |
| day 14; hypoblast cells become columnar and form a thickened circular area called the ____ |
prechordal plate (future site of the mouth) |
| period where there is greatest susceptibility to teratogens |
beginning of embryonic period; week 3 - 5 |
| process of establishing the three germ layers to create trilaminar germ disk |
gastrulation |
| epiblast cells invaginate at the ____________ creating three layers; ___, ____, ____ |
primitive streak; ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
| two places remain bilaminar during gastrulation. What are they? |
prechordal plate (mouth) and the cloacal plate (anus) |
| ectoderm derivatives |
CNS, PNS, skin, pituitary gland |
| mesoderm derivatives |
cartilage, muscles, bone |
| endoderm derivatives |
lining of respiratory tract |
| serves as the basis for development of axial skeleton and future site of vertibrae |
notochord |
| week 3; thickening of ectoderm giving rise to CNS |
neural plate |
| begins with trilaminar disk ends with a corn on the cob structure |
neurulation |
| abnormal neural crest development; autosomal dominant genetic disorder |
neurocristopathies |
| what can reduce neural tube defects by 70% if mother takes it during pregnancy? |
folic acid |
| somites are of ___dermal origin |
mesodermal |
| somites forming ribs and vertibrae |
sclerotome |
| somites forming muscles of body and limbs |
dermomyotome |
| gives rise to cells that form most of the PNS and CNS |
neural crest cells |
| prosencephalon becomes the .... |
telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) |
| mesencephalon becomes the ..... |
mesencephalon (midbrain) |
| rhombencephalon becomes the ..... |
metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)and myelencephalon (medulla) |
| week 6; neural canal becomes the ... |
ventricular system |
| process of forming connections, continued growth and development of neurons |
synaptogenesis |
| each pharyngeal arch contains four things. What are they? |
a blood vessel, a cartilaginous rod, a muscular component, a nerve |
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