| Question |
Answer |
| GI nerves which lie between the two layers of the muscularis externa |
Myenteric (Auerbach's) Plexus |
| GI nerves which lie in the submucosa and innervates the muscularis mucosae and muscle cells |
Submucosal (Meissner's) Plexus |
| lower 1/3 of esophagus has which type of mucles? |
smooth muscle |
| upper 1/3 of esophagus has which type of muscle? |
striated muscle |
| Two types of mucous cells which coat the GI tract |
surface and neck mucous cells |
| Which GI cells excrete HCl and intrinsic factor (for B12 absorption)? |
Parietal |
| Which GI cells have lots of rough ER and produce pepsinogen? |
Chief |
| Underneath villi and crypts in the duodenum (SI), name the glands located there which made bicarbonate. |
Brunner's |
| Which region of the stomach is located closest to the esophagus? |
Cardiac |
| Longitudinal mucosal folds present in an empty stomach. |
Rugae |
| Bulging region at the top of the stomach with a smoother surface. Gas accumulates here. |
Fundic |
| Region of stomach closest to duodenum, contains thick smooth muscle layers. |
Pyloric |
| Projections in the small intestine with a submucosal core covered in villi. Increase the SA of the SI. |
plicae |
| Pits in the stomach lining where mitosis of mucous cells takes place. |
foveoli |
| Five types of cells which occupy the stomach. |
Surface, Neck Mucous, Parietal, Chief, Endocrine |
| Three regions of the SI in order from stomach to rectum. |
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| About how long (in meters) is the SI? |
4 meters |
| What is the site of production of new epithelial cells in the SI? |
crypts of Lieberkuhn |
| Name the 4 cells types of the SI epithelium |
columnar, goblet, paneth, endocrine |
| This GI SI epithelial secretes antibacterial lysosomal substances. |
Paneth |
| Antigen sampling cells prominent in the appendix and ileum. |
M cells |
| The core of microvilli is made of this protein. |
actin filaments |
| What is the "fuzzy coat" on the SI microvilli? |
glycoprotein binding digestive enzymes (trypsin, elastase, phosphlipase, etc.) |
| What enzyme is made by the intestinal cells to activate the digestive enzyme cascade? |
Enterokinase, which activates trypsin |
| What is the main purpose of the large intestine? |
absorb vitamins and water |
| What type of cell is prominent amongst the columnal cells in the LI? |
goblet cells |
| These Pancreas lobules are made up of 50 cells which produce membrane-bound zymogen granules. |
Acini |
| Masses of epithelial cells richly vascularized which are made up of three cell types that have endocrine functions. |
Islets of Langerhans |
| Name the 3 cells in the Islets of Langerhans and what they produce. |
Alpha-glucagon, Beta-proinsulin, Delta-somastatin (regulates alpha/beta cells) |
| What is the largest gland of the human body and how much does it weigh? |
Liver 1.5 Kilogram |
| These liver sinusoid cells have phagocystic properties for RBC's and contain peroxidase. |
Kupffer |
| Perisinusoidal space in the liver is also called. |
Space of Disse |
| Submucosal glands, longitudinally arranged smooth muscle, and stratfied epithelium are doagnostic of? |
Esophagus |
| Esophageal glands are mostly what type? |
Mucous |
| The major cell type found at the base of the fundic gland in the stomach? |
Parietal |
| Plicae are found where? |
SI |
| Specialized longitudinal smooth muscle bands in the longi layer of muscularis externa are found? |
Colon |
| Lots of goblet cells, paneth cells and instestinal glands indicate? |
Ileum (most goblet cells in the SI) or duodenum |
| Stem cells, goblet cells and DNES cells are diagnostic of? |
intestinal glands |
| Paneth cells are found where? |
SI crypts |
| Specialized smooth mucle bands called teniae are found where? |
Colon |
| Which cell type forms the lining of the bile caniculi? |
hepatocytes |
| Which type of cells store Vitamin A in the liver? |
ITO |
| The blood vessel in the center of a liver lobule is called? |
central venule |
| The very outer layer of the kidney is the cortex or medulla? |
Cortex |
| Kidneys have what percent of cardiac output? |
25% |
| How fast does urine filtrate occur? |
15 minutes |
| What 3 cell types are in Glomerulus? |
endothelial cells, mesangial cells, podocytes |
| Which cells in the Glomerulus support, repair, contract, phagocytose, and synthesize EPO? |
Mesengial |
| Which cells cover the capillaries in the glomerulus with finger-like gaps? |
podocytes |
| Extraglomerular mesengial cells which assist in BP regulation |
Lacis cells |
| What layer of epithelium lies on the capillaries of the glomerulus- parietal or visceral? |
visceral |
| What negatively charged chemical lines the glomerulus to keep slits open? |
podocaylxin |
| What is the maximal protein size that can pass through the glomerular filtration? |
albumin or <68000 kdaltons |
| In the kidney which tubules have a thick brush border? |
Proximal Convoluted Tubules |
| In the kidney which tubules are less absorbant and have think walls? |
Distal Convoluted Tubules |
| The proximal convoluted tubules have many microvilli coated with? |
digestive enzymes |
| Which loop of Henle is permeable to water? |
Descending |
| The collecting duct is permeable to water and therefore can concentrate urine when what is present? |
ADH |
| What disease makes is impossible to concentrate urine because there is no osmolar gradient? |
Diabetes Mellitus |
| The afferent arteriole is touched by what tubule? What type of cells occur there? |
DCT, macula densa |
| What three cell types regulate changes in BP in the glomerular region? |
Lacis, Juxtaglomerular, macula densa |
| As the urine flows into the ureter, what are the special ducts located in the base of the kidney? |
Ducts of Bellini |
| What is the long blood vessel that extends from the juxtamedullary glomerulli? |
Vasa recta |
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