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Block 4
Female Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Under the germinal epithelium, the ovary is covered by a layer of dense connective tissue called what? | Tunica albuginea |
| Under the tunica albuginea of the ovary is what layer? | Cortical region |
| Cortical region of the ovary consist of what? | Follicles embedded in the stroma (respond to hormonal stimuli) |
| The inner most part of the ovary is called what? | Medulla (rich vascular bed with loose connective tissue) |
| At 1 month gestation, primordial germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to what? | Gonadal primordia (divide and transform into oogonia) |
| Beginning of the first month oogonia enter what? | First prophase of meiosis as primary oocytes (stop in the diplotene stage) |
| Primary oocytes are surrounded by flattened cells called what? | Follicular cells |
| How many oocytes are actually released throughout the reproductive life span? | 450 |
| An ovarian follicle consist of what? | An oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of follicular cells |
| The basal lamina marks the boundary between what in the follicular cell? | Follicle and surrounding stroma |
| Follicles formed during fetal life are called what? Consist of what? | Primordial follicles and consist of an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells |
| Primordial follicles are located where? | Superficial layer of the cortical region |
| Follicular growth is stimulated by what? | FSH |
| Follicular cells divide by mitosis and form a single layer of cuboidal cells known as what? | Unilaminar primary follicle |
| Follicular cells continue to proliferate forming what? | Stratified follicular layer (granulosa layer) |
| A thick amorphous layer is secreted around the oocyte called what? | Zona pellucida (follicle is now called the multilaminar primary (preantral) follicle |
| Filopodia of the follicular cells and microvilli of the oocyte penetrate the zona pellucida and make contact with each other through what? | Gap junctions |
| As the follicle grows, they move deeper into the cortical region, liquid (liqor folliculi) begins to accumulate between the follicular cells. This liquid space is know as? | Antrum |
| A group of cells that protrudes toward the interior of the antrum is known as what? | Cumulus oophorus |
| The cumulus oophorus contains the oocyte and a group of follicular cells concentrated around the oocyte known as what? | Corona radiata (considered the secondary or antral follicle) |
| Stroma cells surrounding the follicle also differentiate into what? | Theca folliculi (theca interna and theca externa) |
| Theca interna cells secrete what? | Steroids (androstenedione) |
| Androstenedione is transported to the granulosa cell layer where it is converted to what? | Estrogen |
| The theca externa is mainly organized layers of what? | Fibroblasts around the theca interna |
| The dominant follicle reaches the most developed stage of follicular growth called what? | Mature (preovulatory or Graafian) follicle |
| The whole process of growth from primordial to mature follicle takes how many days? | 90 days |
| Atresia of follicles is most intense at times of what? | Hormonal change (birth, puberty, at pregnancy) |
| Ovulation consist of what? | Rupture of part of the wall of the mature follicle and liberation of the oocyte. |
| The stimulus for ovulation is a surge of what? | LH in response to high levels of estrogen produced by the growing follicle. |
| The first meiotic division of ovulation occurs when? | Just prior to ovulation |
| Immediately after expulsion of the first polar body what occurs? | Second meiotic division begins (stops in metaphase) |
| After rupture of the follicular wall the oocyte and first polar body (both enclosed by the zona pellucida), corona radiata and some follicular fluid leave the ovary and enter what? | Uterine tube (where the oocyte may be fertilized) |
| After ovulation the granulosa cells and theca interna reorganize into a temporary endocrine gland called what? | Corpus luteum |
| Granulosa cells enlarge and take on the characteristics of what in the corpus luteum? | Steroid secreting cells (are now called granulosa lutein cells) |
| The theca interna cells are called what in the corpus luteum? | Theca lutein cells |
| Due to LH, the cells of the corpus luteum change enzyme effects and begin to secrete what? | Progesterone and estrogen (programmed to secrete for 10-12 days) |
| If pregnancy is not established, the corpus luteum degenerates and leaves a scar called what? | Corpora albicans |
| If pregnancy is established, trophoblastic cells secrete what? | Human chorionic gonadotrpin (hCG). Rescues the corpus luteum from degeneration, causes its growth and stimulates the secretion of progesterone. |
| Actions of hCG are similar to what? | LH |
| The corpus luteum persists for how long? | 4-5 months |
| The uterine tubes consist of of three layers. What are they? | Mucosa, muscularis and serosa |
| What epithelium does the mucosa of the uterine tubes consist of? | Simple columnar and lamina propria of loose connective tissue |
| Estrogen causes what to happen to the uterine tube? | Causes hypertrophy and ciliogenesis |
| Progesterone causes what to happen to the uterine tube? | Increases the number of secretory cells |
| At ovulation what does the uterine tube actively do? | Moves toward the ovary (favors entry of the oocyte into the tube) |
| The oocyte can remain viable for how long in the uterine tube? | 24 hours |
| Uterine tube secretions do what? | Contain nutrients for the oocyte and promotes capacitaion of spermatozoa |
| Fertilization occurs where? | AMPULLA |
| Penetration of the oocyte by the spermatazoon triggers what? | Completion of the second meiotic division (generates second polar body and leaves oocyte ready to combine with DNA of spermatazoon) |
| What are the three layers of the uterus? | The outermost layer is either serosa or a connective tissue adventitia, muscular layer composed of smooth muscle (myometrium) and a mucosal layer called the endometruim) |
| During pregnancy the myometrium undergoes what? | Hypertrophy and hyperplasia (smooth muscle also actively synthesizes collagen) |
| The endometrium consist of what? | Epithelium and lamina propria with tubular glands |
| The lamina propra of the endometrium consist of what type of collagen fibers? | Type III |
| What are the two subdivisions of the endometrium? | Stratum functionale (thicker, more superficial layer is sloughed off during menstration) and stratum basale (deeper layer, serves as the sourse for regeneration of the stratum functionale) |
| What are the two blood suppliers of the endometrium? | Arcuate arteries (branches of the uterine arteries) and the radial arteries (branch of the arcuate arteries) |
| The arcuate artery anastomoses where in the uterus? | In the middle layer of the myometrium |
| Where does the radial arteries enter in the uterus? | Stratum basale of the endometrium |
| Radial arteries give off spiral arteries that are important in what? | Sloughing the stratum functionale |
| What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle? | Menstral phase (4-5 days), proliferative phase (10 days), Secretory phase (14 days) |
| The proliferative phase coincides with what other event? | Rapid growth of a group follicles and their secretion of estrogen |
| Estrogen induces what in the endometrium? | Cell proliferation |
| The secretory phase of menstruation occurs when? | 1 day after ovulation |
| Under the influence of progesterone what changes occur in the stratum functionale? | The endometrium becomes edematous, the glands enlarge and become corkscrew-shaped, and the gland lumens become scculated and fill with secretions. |
| The menstral phase is initiated by what? | The rapid decline in progesterone levels when the corpus luteum stops functioning |
| Periodic contractions of the spiral arteries cause what? | Ischemia of the stratum functionale, results in the disruption of the epithelium and blood vessels and sloughing of the stratum functional occurs. |
| If implantation occurs the menstrual phase is replaced by what? | A gravid phase |
| If fertilization has occurred what occurs? | The fetus will arrive in the uterus on the fifth day after ovulation. |
| After 2 days the zygote develops into what? | Blastocyst (implants into the endometrium on the 7th day) |
| The trophoblastic cells of the uterus begin to secrete what? | hCG (stimulates the continued secretion by the corpus luteum and preserves the endometrium) |
| After implantation the stromal fibroblast become enlarged, round, and exhibit characteristics of protein secreting cells. They are now called what? | Decidual cells (the entire endometrium is referred to as the decidua) |
| The decidua has three layers. What are they? | Decidua basalis (between embryo and myometrium), decidua capsularis (between embryo and the lumen of the uterus), decidua parietalis (the remainder) |
| The lower cylindrical part of the uterus is known as the what? | Cervix |
| The cervix consist of what epithelium? | Dense connective tissue with few muscle fibers. It is lined by mucus secreting simple columnar epithelium. |
| The amount and properties of cervical mucus vary under the influence of what? | Ovarian hormones |
| During mid cycle what is the condition of cervical mucus? | Amount of mucus increases 10 fold and is less viscous (provides for favorable environment for sperm migration) |
| During pregnancy, cervical glands proliferate and secrete more viscous and abundant mucus which contributes to what? | Mucus plug |
| The portion of the cervix that protrudes into the vagina is called the what? | Ectocervix (covered by stratified squamous epithelium) |
| There is an abrupt transition between the mucus secreting columnar mucosa of the endocervix and the squamous mucosa of the ectocervix called the what? | Transformational zone |
| Where is the transformational zone located? | Just outside the cervical os in women of reproductive age and in the cervical canal before puberty and after menopause. |
| The transformational zone is a pathological site because of what? | Metaplasia and dysplastic changes occur here and can develop into cancer |
| What epithelium lines the vagina? | Stratified squamous epithelium (non-kerantinized) |
| During the follicular phase, under the influence of estrogen, epithelial cells accumulate what as they migrate towards the surface? | Glycogen |
| The outer thicker smooth muscle layer of the vagina is continuous with what other muscle layer? | Uterus |
| The advetitial layer of the vagina has a denser inner layer rich in what? | Elastic fibers |
| During the mentral cycle what happens to the inactive mammary gland? | Near ovulation, under the influence of estrogen, there are increases in secretory cell height and opening of the duct lumens |
| During pregnancy estrogen stimulates what in the mammary gland? | Duct growth |
| During pregnancy progesterone stimulates what in the mammary gland? | Alveolar growth |
| Protein components of lactation are released by what? | Merocrine secretion |
| Lipid components of lactation are released by what? | Apocrine secretion |
| What is the first secretion released by the mammary gland in the first days following birth? | Colostrum |
| Colostrum secretion contains what? | More protein and less fats and carbohydrates than milk produced later, also contains a considerable amount of IgA antibodies |
| What occurs to alveoli with cessation of breast feeding? | Undergo degeneration by apoptosis |
| What happens to the mammary gland after menopause? | It involutes (atrophic changes occur in the connective tissue) |
Created by:
shuckybean