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Block 4
Male Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The testis is surrounded by a thick capsule of dense connective tissue called what? | Tunica albuginea |
| The thick posterior surface of the tunica albuginea is know as what? | Tunica mediastinum |
| Incomplete septa from the tunica mediastinum divides the testis into pyramidal lobes called what? | Testicular lobules |
| Testicular lobules contain 1-4 what? | Seminiferous tubules (produce spermatozoa) |
| The loose connective tissue that surrounds the seminiferous tubules contains what? | Interstitial cells (produce testicular androgens) |
| At the ends of seminiferous tubules the lumen narrows and continues in short segments called what? | Straight tubules (tubuli recti) |
| The straight tubules (tubuli recti) connect to anastomosing network called what? | Rete testis |
| Ductuli efferentes connect the rete testis to the cephalic portion of the what? | Epididymis |
| The seminiferous tubule is lined by what type of epithelium? | Germinal epithelium (seminiferous epithelium) |
| Seminiferous epithelium is divided into what 2 categories of cells? | Supporting cells (Sertoli cells) and cells of the spermatogenic lineage (stacked into 4-8 layers) |
| The outer layer of seminiferous tubules are surrounded by a well defined layer of what 2 things? | Basal lamina and fibrous connective tissue (with fibroblast) |
| Adhering to the outside of the basal lamina of seminiferous tubules is a layer of what? | Myoid cells (act as smooth muscle) |
| Spermatogonia follow one of two paths. What are they? | Continue dividing as stem cells (type A spematogonia) or differentiate becoming type B spermatogonia (will differentiate into primary spermatocytes) |
| Primary spermatocytes how many chromosomes? | 46 (2n) and 4d of DNA when they enter meiosis. |
| Primary spermatocytes, soon after formation, enter what? | Prophase of meiotic division (prophase takes 22 days) |
| After the first meiotic of primary spermatocytes, what arises? | Secondary spermatocytes (23 chromosomes 1n, 2d of DNA) |
| What arises from the second meiotic division from secondary spermatocytes? | Spermatids (23 chromosomes 1n, 1d DNA) |
| What does the spermatid obtain during spermiogenesis that transforms it into a spermatozoa? | Acrosome, condesation and elongation of the nucleus, development of a flagellum and loss of much of the cytoplasm. |
| What are the three phases of spermiogenesis? | Golgi phase, acrosomal phase and maturation phase |
| What 3 events occur during the Golgi phase of spermiogenesis? | Proacrosomal granules accumulate in the Golgi complex, proacrosomal granules coalesce to form a single acrosomal granule within the acrosomal vesicle and the flagellar axoneme begins to form. |
| During acrosomal phase of spermiogenesis, what occurs? | The acrosomal vesicle spreads over the anterior half of the condensing nucleus to become the acrosome. |
| What occurs during the maturation phase of spermiogenesis? | Residual cytoplasm is shed and phagocytosed by Sertoli cells and the spermatozoa are released from the lumen of the tubule. |
| When a type A spermatogonia cell becomes committed to transforming into a type B spermatogonia, what happens? | All cells resulting from the division of that cells remain attached to each other by cytoplasmic bridges. |
| Changes between the spermatogonia stage and the formation of mature spermatozoa takes how long? | 74 days |
| Each small area of seminiferous tubule undergoes spermatogenesis how? | Independent of the other sites |
| Sertoli cells and rete testis produce what? | Testicular fluid |
| Sertoli cells are pyramidal cells that partially do what? | Envelope cells of spermatocytic lineage |
| Sertoli cells do not divide during what? | The reproductive period (extremely resistant to adverse conditions) |
| Adjacent Sertoli cells are bounded together by what? | Occluding junctions (forms blood-testis barrier) also connected by gap junctions |
| Occluding junctions of the Sertoli cells separate the seminiferous tubule into what 2 compartments? | Basal compartment (spermatogonia) and a adluminal compartment (later stages of spermatigenesis take place here) |
| What are the functions of Sertoli cells? | Support, protection, and nutritional regulation of the developing spermatozoa. |
| What is another other function of Sertoli cells not related to spermatozoa? | Phagocytosis (excess cytoplasm) |
| What secretions do Sertoli cells produce? | Testicular fluid, androgen binding protien (under control of FSH, concentrates testosterone (Sertoli cells can convert testosterone to estradiol)) and inhibin (supresses the synthesis and release of FSH) |
| What hormone does Sertoli cells produce? | Anti-Mullerian hormone (promotes the regression of Mullerian ducts in the male fetus) |
| Testosterone fosters the development of structures from what? | Wolffian (mesonephric) ducts |
| Sertoli cells form what barrier? | Blood-testis barrier (isolates the more advanced stages of spermatogenesis) |
| Interstitial cells are also know as what? | Leydig cells |
| Leydig cells produce testosterone by what? | Enzymes present in the mitochondria and SER |
| Testosterone synthesis by Leydig cells is stimulated by what hoemone? | Luteninizing hormone (LH) |
| Spermatogenesis only occurs at what temperature? | 35 C (below normal body temperature) |
| Testicular temperture is maintained by what mechanisms? | Counter current heat exchange between venous plexus and testicular artery, evaporating cooling and cremasteric muscle for contracting. |
| Tubuli recti are recognized by the gradual loss of what? | Spermatogenic cells (initial segment of only Sertoli cells) |
| Rete testis is located where? | Mediastinum testis (connects the tubuli recti to the ductuli efferentes-lined by cuboidal epithelium) |
| Ductuli efferentes connects what 2 structures? | Rete testis to the ductus epididymis |
| Ductus epididymis consist of what? | Single highly coiled tubule (4-6 m long) |
| Straight tube with thick muscular wall that connects the epididymis to the prostatic urethra is called what? | Ductus (vas) deferens |
| The dilated region of the ductus (vas) deferens before the prostate is called what? | Ampulla (seminal vesicle joins duct here) |
| Final segment of the ductus (vas) deferens is called what? | Ejaculatory duct |
| What accessory genital gland produces a viscid, yellowish secretion that contains sperm activating substances? | Seminal vesical |
| What accessory genital gland produces prstatin fluid? | Prostate gland |
| Both the prostate gland and the seminal vesicle function depends on what? | Testosterone levels |
| What are prostatic concretions (corpora amylacea)? | Spherical bodies of glycoproteins that are calcified and found in the lumen of the prostate gland |
| What is the verumonatanum? | Elevation in the posterior prostatic urethra (prostatic ducts open on either side of it) |
| Dilated proximal portion of the membranous urethra is know as what? | Bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands) secretes mucous (simple cuboidal epithelium) |
| The penis consist of 3 cylindrical masses what are they? | 2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum (lined by endothelium) |
| What supplies blood to the trabeculae of the erectile tissue? | Nutritive arteries |
| What arteries empty into the cavernous spaces of the erectile tissue? | Helicine arteries |
| The penile urethra is contained within what structure? | Corpus spongiosum (lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium becomes stratified squamous epithelium in most distal parts) |
| What glands are found throughout the length of the penile urethra? | Mucus secreting glands (glands of Littre) |
Created by:
shuckybean