| Question |
Answer |
| decentralization |
the delegation of freedom to make decisions. The lower in the organization that this freedom exists, the greater the ... |
| centralization |
The process by which decision making is concentrated within a particular location or group. |
| segment autonomy |
the delegation of decision making power to managers of segments of an organization. |
| performance metric |
a specific measure of mgmt accomplishment. |
| incentives |
performance-based rewards, both formal & informal, that enhance managerial effort toward organizational goals. |
| agency theory |
a theory that deals with contracting between an organization & the managers that it hires to make decisions on its behalf. |
| return on investment (ROI) |
a measure of income or profit divided by the investment required to obtain that income or profit. |
| return on sales |
income divided by revenue. |
| capital turnover |
revenue divided by invested capital. |
| economic profit (residual income) |
after-tax operating income less a capital charge. |
| capital charge |
company's cost of capital x amount of investment. |
| cost of capital |
what a firm must pay to acquire more capital, whether or not it actually has to immediately acquire more capital. |
| economic value added (EVA) |
equals adjusted after-tax operating income minus the cost of invested capital multiplied by the adjusted average invested capital. |
| gross book value |
the original cost of an asset before deducting accumulated depreciation. |
| net book value |
the original cost of an asset less any accumulated depreciation. |
| transfer price |
the price that one segment of an organization charges another segment of the same organization for a product or service. |
| dysfunctional decision |
any decision that is an conflict with organizational goals. |
| management by objectives (MBO) |
the joint formation by a manager and his or her superior of a set of goals and plans for achieving the goals for a forthcoming period. |
| capital budgeting |
the long term planning for making and financing investments that affect financial results over a period longer than just the next year. |
| discounted cash flow models (DCF) |
a type of capital budgeting model that focuses on cash inflows and outflows while taking into account the time value of money. |
| net present value method (NPV) |
a discounted cash flow approach to capital budgeting that computes the present value of all expected future cash flows using a minimum desired rate of return. |
| required/hurdle/discount rate of return |
the minimum desired rate of return, based on the firm's cost of capital. |
| net present value |
the sum of the present values of all expected cash flows. |
| internal rate of return model (IRR) |
a capital budgeting model that determines the interest rate at which the NPV equals zero. |
| real options model |
a capital budgeting model that recognizes the value of contingent investments. |
| total project approach |
a method for comparing alternatives that computes the total impact on cash flows for each alternative and then converts these total cash flows to their present values. |
| differential approach |
a method for comparing alternatives that computes the differences in cash flows between alternatives and then converts these differences in cash flows to their present values. |
| marginal income tax rate |
the tax rate paid on additional amounts of pretax income. |
| accelerated depreciation |
a pattern of depreciation that charges a larger proportion of an asset's cost to the earlier years & less to later years. |
| recovery period |
the number of years over which a company can depreciate an asset for tax purposes. |
| MACRS |
the method companies use to depreciate most assets under US income tax laws. |
| payback time/period |
the time it will take to recoup, in the form of cash inflows from operations, the initial dollars invested in a project. |
| accounting/unadjusted rate of return model (ARR) |
a non-DCF capital budgeting model expressed as the increase in expected average annual operating income divided by the initial required investment. |
| postaudit |
a follow up evaluation of capital budgeting decisions. |
| inflation |
the decline in the general purchasing power of the monetary unit. |
| nominal rate |
quoted market interest rate the includes an inflation element. |
MedTemCP5 Word+Pics
