| Question |
Answer |
| What is differentiation? |
the process of transformation into a different cell type |
| What is determination? |
when a cell is specified to differentiate into another type |
| What is commitment |
the point when a cell must differentiate into another type so that it looses the ability to differentiate into any other cell types |
| When can determination and commitment occur? |
before or after differentiation |
| What are differentiated cells? |
specialized cells with limited or no ability to transofrm into other cell types |
| What are undifferentiated cells? |
cells that have not transformed into a specialized cell type |
| What are specialized cell types? |
cells with distinctive morphological characteristics and/or molecular processes. |
| What id dedifferentiation |
for a specialized cells to trasnform into a cells specialized cell type |
| What is anaplasia? |
dedifferntiation to an embryonic cell type |
| What is metaplasia? |
Transformation of one differentiated cell type into another |
| What is neoplasm? |
abnormal, new growth |
| What is totipotency |
ability to differentiate into any cell type |
| What are examples of totipotency? |
germ line, gametes, zygotes and early blastomeres |
| What are pluripotency and multipotency |
ability to differentiate into multiple cell types |
| What are examples of pluripotency and multi potency? |
hemopoietic cells and fibroblases |
| When is pluripotency used? |
for less differentiated cells |
| What are stem, precursor or progentior cells? |
cells that differentiate into other cells types |
| What are blastomeres? |
early embryonic cells |
| What are blast cells |
stem cells from any embryonic stage |
| What is mesenchyme |
loosely organized blast cells from all 3 germ layers |
| What is autonomous specialization? |
intracellular signals that control differentiation |
| What is intercellular induction? |
signals between cells controlling cellular differentiation |
| What are hormones? |
non-nutrient molecules secreted by a cell to induce a response in another cell |
| What are growth factors? |
hormones that control growth and development |
| What are characteristics of differentiated cells? |
Specialized structures and/or features
Slow or arrested cell cycle
Impaired ability to transform into other cell types |
| Is differentiation an all or nothing process? |
no. Some cells are more differentiated than others |
| What is an example of different levels of differentiation? |
zygote < hemopoitic cell < leukocyte |
| The more differentiated a cell is, the _________ the ability to regenerate. |
lower |
| What are examples of differentiated cells that have virtually no ability to regenerate and why? |
nerve and muscle because they are SO specialized they can't be regenerated |
| What are examples of differentiated cells that are able to regenerate and why? |
skin and liver because they are not highly specialized. |
Ch.18 LTI-MA 509
