| Question |
Answer |
| What are the muscles of inspiration? |
Diaphragm, external intercostals |
| What are the muscles of forced expiration? |
Diaphragm and internal intercostals |
| What part of the lungs have pain fibers? |
pleura |
| Do the lung parenchyma have pain fibers? |
no |
| Where does the tracheobronchial tree occur? |
T4 |
| What is the tracheobronchial tree? |
division of the mainstem bronchi. |
| Which main bronchus is wider? |
the right |
| How is the right bronchus different from the left bronchus? |
it is wider, shorter and straighter |
| Why is the right bronchus more prone to aspiration? |
it is wider, shorter and straighter |
| What does yellow/green sputum indicate? |
bacterial infection |
| What does white/clear sputum indicate? |
viral infection |
| What does red/rust sputum indicate? |
TB, pneumonia, cancer |
| What does "red currant jelly" sputum indicate? |
Klebsiella pneumonia |
| What does pink, frothy sputum indicate? |
pulmonary edema |
| What regulated the rate and depth of respiration? |
CO2 levels |
| What plays a secondary role in respiration? |
O2 |
| How do patients with chroncially high CO2 concentrations in their blood regulate respirations? |
oxygen |
| What is respiratory drive based on oxygen level? |
Hypoxic drive |
| What is an example of a disease where a patient has chronically high levels of CO2 |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
| What is COPD? |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
| What should be considered with chest pain? |
lung problems
gastric reflux/heartburn
musculoskeletal causes
referred pain from teh abdomen |
| What are chest pain symptoms more associated with non-cardiac causes? |
constant ache all day
pain stays in one spot
pain worse with pressure on sternum
short sharp pain for a few seconds
pain in shoulders or between the scapulas |
| What should one remember about chest deformities such as pectus excavatum? |
They are often associated with other congenital defects of the chest |
| What is the normal adult respiratory rate? |
12-20 |
| What is tachypnea? |
increased rate (over 20) |
| What is bradypnea? |
decreased rate (under 12) |
| What is dyspnea |
difficult or labored breathing with shortness of breath |
| What is hypernea |
hyperventilation
abnormally deep respirations |
| What is hyponea? |
Ab normally shallow respirations |
| What is orthopnea |
shortness of breath when lying down |
| What is platypnea? |
Shortness of breath when sitting upright |
| What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea? |
Sudden onset of shortness of breath after a period of sleep. It is usually helped by sitting up. |
| What should you ask a patient when you suspect PND? |
How many pillows they use to prop themselves up when they get ready for bed. |
| What pattern is air trapping? |
increasing difficulty in getting breath out |
| What are cheynes stokes respirations |
waxes and wanes with apnea |
| What is cheynes stokes respirations associated with? |
severe CHF, strokes and brain injury |
| What are kussmaul respirations associated with? |
diabetic ketoacidosis |
| What are kussmaul respirations? |
very deep and labored respirations |
| What are biots? |
similar sized breaths with an irregular pattern |
| What are biots associated with? |
significant brain injury |
| What are ataxic respirations? |
completely disorganized breathing in both depth and rate? |
| What are ataxic respirations associated with? |
significant brain injury |
| How do you auscultate breath sounds? |
bilaterally comparing side to side as you go. Always auscultate over skin. |
| Why do you listen to the axilla? |
to hear the lingula and the right middle lobe |
| What are crackles? |
aka Rales
brief, intermittent and nonmusical.
sounds like a coffee pot |
| Why do crackles happen? |
CHF
fluid in lungs |
| When are crackles usually heard? |
on inspiration |
| What are rhonchi |
deeper rumbling that is more pronounced on expiration than crackles.
Sound like hair being rubbed together |
| When are rhonchi heard? |
phlegm
pneumonia
mucus |
| What are wheezes? |
continuous, high-pitched and musical
Heard loudest in expiration |
| When are wheezes heard? |
bronchial constricion
asthma
anaphylaxis |
| What is apnea |
absence of spontaneous respiration |
| What is friction rub |
oustide respiratory tree.
dry cracky grating and low pitched |
| When is friction rub heard? |
inspiration and expiration |
| What is bronchophony? |
greater clarity and increased loudness of spoken words.
(whispers heard clearly) |
| What is egophony? |
intensity of spoken voice increased with nasal quality.
(e's -> a's) |
| How is respiratory system different in small children and infants? |
thinner rounder chest, which allows for bronchovesicular breathsounds to be heard throughout the chest.
Also have a cartilaginous thorax |
| How is respiratory system different in pregnant women? |
Ventilation is increased by breathing more deeply, NOT more frequently. |
| what is different in the respiratory system of older adults? |
the dorsal curve of spine is more emphasized and tire more quickly |
Cardio Block2anatomy
