| inflammation |
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| Causes of cellular injury |
hypoxia loss of o2 supply so cell dies/ becomes fibrotic scar tissue ( MI cells can't regenerate so heart stops to pump) ( Brain cells modify function and control impulse- no regeneration so brain stops)( skin- cells can regenerate) |
trauma- will cause cellular injury |
toxicity- things we inhale or ingest |
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| Inflammatory response |
vasomotor response ( vasoconstriction limits further bleeding and extent of injury)(vasodilation increases blood flow to help heal in diabetes there is decreased blood flow hard to heal wounds |
adhesion/ chemotaxis- neutrophils break from vessels and go to area and adhere to injured area ( selectins, Icams, integrins aid in migration and adhesion) |
exudation- fluid coming out of blood vessels that contain fibrinogin ( originally thin it becomes thick and clots) |
Fibrin barrier formation- fibrinogin is activated to fibrin which clots |
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| Purpose of vasodilation |
to bring WBC to injured area( leukocytosis) |
netrophils and monocytes are increased |
in acute inflammation that is short and first there is an increase in neutrophils |
in chronic inflammation - an infection that you had for a long time there will be more lymphocytes than any other WBC |
vasodilation increases o2 and nutirents |
vasodilation neutralizes toxinsin the area |
| Functions of fibrin |
wards off infection by forming a wall barrier around the injured area and prevents infection spreading |
forms meshwork for healing |
provides for homeostasis- bleeding stops- and cooagulation |
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| Cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation |
hyperemia- redness or ruboor (vasodilation) |
tumor- swelling (fluid) |
calor- heat ( vasodilation) |
Dalor -pain( from sensory nerve signals) |
functo laesa- loss of function due to pain |
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| Systemic signs and symptoms |
malaise( weak) and fatigue (tired) fever, and myalga ( muscle pain) |
leukocytosis (8,000 wbc),increase wbc synthesis in bone marrow |
increase ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) indicate RBC tissue breakdown |
acute phase reactant- serum proteins are altered ( albumin, fibrinogen, globulin) |
anorexia |
hormone increase (cortisol- stress hormone from cortext of adrenal gland) |
| Types of healing |
resolution- damage cells suffer but don't die |
regeneration- dead cells replaced by functional cells- (GIT,GUT, skin, and bone marrow are highly regenerative)( kidney, liver, bone, lungs, and muscle are moderately regen)(brain and heart do not regenrate) |
repair- healing when tissues are replaced by non functional scar tissue |
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| 3 levels of repair |
healing by first intention- clean surgical ends of wound are together- starts from top- edges come together- no scar formation |
healing by secondary intentions- deeper and larger wound ( draiing ulcer)- healing starts from below- inside comes out- works its way up - scarring is more intensive |
3. - healing of infected wounds or those of high risk infection- gaping wounds need to be sutured inorder to heal |
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| Delayed healing results from |
infection |
malnutrition |
immunosupression - ( AIDS, chemo, autoimmune, transplant) |
vascular problems ( diabetes, cardiac problems) |
obesity |
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| What helps heal |
antibiotics ( can result in 2nd infection) |
local application of heat or ice- ice - vasoconstrict heat- vasodilate |
debrivment- remove puss and scabs and drain secretions |
drug therapy ( steroids, NSAID- tylenol,immunosupressives, antihistamine |
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| Biologic response modifiers will increase wbc |
interleukins stimulate wbc ( lymphocyte/monocyte) |
GMSF |
growth factor |
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