| Human disease |
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| Definitions |
Health ( complete state of physical, mental and social well being) |
Disease ( objective state, demonstrated by observable structural or functional abnormality) |
Illness ( subjective state- experienced by the individual as the presence of symptoms |
wellness- a state characterized not only by absence of disease or manifestations but also by minimizing modifiable risk factors |
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| Epidemiology |
cause and distribution of disease in population |
morbidity - disease occurence ( incidence- rate of disease or # of cases in time ) ( prevalence- density or total # of cases) |
morbidity is derived from ( hospitalization records, clinic visits, patients interviews, reported absences) |
Mortality- death |
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| Etiology |
cause of a disease |
specific agent (virus, bacteria, fungus, rickettsia)) |
traumatic event |
mechanisms in interaction between organisms and environmentr ( tsunami, bomb) |
genetic |
multifactorial |
| pathophysiology |
pathogenisis ( clinical course of a disease) |
morphology ( structural changes in tissue and cells of involved organism) |
explains structural and functional changes |
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| clinical manifestations |
in cludes signs and symptoms of disease |
physical signs ( observed by health professional |
symptoms- subjective description of patients feelings |
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| Outcome |
prognosis- expected outome |
actual outcome should be CURE- complete eradication of the disease |
for those without cure the desired outcome is REMISSION- eradication of any clinical manifestation of disease |
absence of cure can leave a patient with chronic disease or disability- goal should be to minimize signs and symptoms and sloww progression of the disease |
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| classification |
organ system affected |
age of the patient |
etiology includes IATROGENIC- treatment induced and IDIOPATHIC- those without known mechanism |
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| clinical intervention |
prevention - identification of risk factors |
reduction of risk factors through advocacy and education pertaining to behavioral and lifestyle change |
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| treatment |
intervention aimed at acheiving the optimal outcome of disease |
DEFINITIVE THERAPY- designed to achieve cure or remission |
PALLIATIVE therapy- designed to alleviate clinical manifestations |
EMPIRIC THERAPY- when mechanism is unkown or uncertain, treatment is employed because it works or appears to work |
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| INFECTIOUS DISEASE ETIOLOGY |
bacteria |
viruses |
parasites |
fungus |
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| Infectious disease risk factors |
decreased immune functions like transplant patients, those who are undergoing chemotherapy for cancer, AIDS |
presence of other disorders like CVA, DM, cardiac problems |
malnutrition |
prematurity in infants |
smoking |
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| infectious disease manifestations |
fever |
malaise |
headache |
pains ( muscle or joint) |
anorexia |
signs and symptoms referable to organ involvement |
| infectious disease diagnostic measures |
CBC |
ESR |
culture and sensitivity test |
x ray |
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| infectious disease treatment |
antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity test |
analgesics |
antipyretics |
supportive therapy ( cooling blankets) |
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mr. charles11
