| Question |
Answer |
| early representational |
1.5 - 4 years oldconsistent error patternschild's production shows relationship to adult targetphonological processes |
| 4 common systematic error patterns |
1. final consonant deletion2. cluster reduction3. stopping of affricates4. vowelization of final [l] |
| order of acquistion of vowels |
1. corner vowels2. lax vowels3. mid-front section |
| age of customary usage |
age when 50% of children tested produced the sound correctly in 2/3 word positions |
| age of mastery |
age at which 75% (or 90 or 100%) of children studied produced the sound correctly in all word positions |
| phonotactic/sequential constraints |
restrictions on the occurrence of sounds or categories of sounds in different word/syllable positions |
| pre-representational |
the first 50 words10 - 24 monthssingle, whole word utterancesselectivityphonological idiomsends with a systematic reorganization into a more compact system |
| why attempt clinical assessment of prelinguistic vocalizations? |
1. predict later language development2. aid in selecting appropriate target words for late talkers |
| true word |
1. repeated in plausible context2. must be spontaneous3. not limited to one specific context4. similar to adult's form5. stable production in all contexts |
| phonetic variability |
unstable pronounciations |
| holophrastic period |
one word = complete idea |
| prosodic features |
rhythm of language occurs across segments and influences what we say |
| contoid |
a consonant-like production |
| pre-linguistic stages |
BIRTH TO 12 MONTHS1. reflexive crying and vegetative sounds2. cooing and laughing3. vocal play4. canonical babbling5. jargon stage |
| 4 stages of language acquisition |
0 - 12 mos 1. prelinguistic1 - 2 yrs 2. prerepresentational 3. representational1.5 - 4 yrs a) early4 - 7 yrs b) later7 - 11 yrs 4. concrete |
| perceptual constancy |
the ability to identify the same sound across different speakers, pitches & other changing environmental conditions |
| loss of discrimination ability occurs |
10 to 12 months |
| phonological development |
the acquisition of speech sound form and function within a language system |
| pre-linguistic behaviour |
all vocalizations prior to the first actual words |
| 4 phonetic categories used to describe consonants |
1. organ of articulation2. place of articulation3. manner of articulation4. voicing |
| why are articulation impairments called phonetic disorders |
disturbance in the peripheral speech motor processes causes sounds to be different from normal |
| why are phonological disorders called phonemic problems? |
incorrect understanding and organization of phonemes leads to an inadequate phoneme system |
| phonetics |
the study of speech and speech sounds |
| articulation |
the entire motor processes involved in the planning and execution of sequences of overlapping gestures that result in speech |
| articulation disorders |
difficulties with the motor production aspects of speech |
| articulatory |
speech production - how speech sounds are formed |
| acoustic |
study of speech transmission |
| auditory |
how we perceive sounds |
| phonemes |
the smallest linguistic unit that is able, (when combined with other such units), to establish word meanings and distinguish between them ex: /s/ |
| speech sounds |
represent physical sound realities; end products of articulatory motor processesex: [s] |
| phonology |
pertains to the description of the systems and patterns of phonemes that occur in a language; the study of how phonemes are organized and function in communication |
| phonological disorder |
an impaired system of phonemes and patterns within spoken language - reflects a language deficiency |
BIOL3326 Forms
